See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

THOMAS See also:

• GRAHAM, SIR GERALD (1831–1899)
• GRAHAM, SIR JAMES ROBERT GEORGE
• GRAHAM, SYLVESTER (1794-1851)
• THOMAS GRAHAM (1805-1869)

GRAHAM (1805-1869)  , See also:

• BRITISH

British chemist, See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow on the loth of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1805, was the son of a See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant of that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . In 1819 he entered the university of Glasgow with the intention of becoming a See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of the Established See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church . But under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• THOMSON, JAMES (1822-1892)
• THOMSON, JAMES (1834-1882)
• THOMSON, JAMES (r700-1748)
• THOMSON, JOHN (1778-184o)
• THOMSON, JOSEPH (1858-1895)
• THOMSON, SIR CHARLES WYVILLE (1830-1882)
• THOMSON, THOMAS (1773-1852)
• THOMSON, WILLIAM (1819-189o)

Thomson (1773-1852), the See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry, he See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed a See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste for experimental See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science and especially for molecular physics, a subject which formed his See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main preoccupation throughout his See also:

• LIFE

life . After graduating in 1824, he spent two years in the laboratory of Professor T . C . See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

Hope at See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, and on returning to Glasgow gave lessons in See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics, and subsequently chemistry, until the See also:

• YEAR

year 1829, when he was appointed lecturer in the See also:

• MECHANICS

Mechanics' See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute . In 183o he succeeded Dr See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew Ure (1778—1857) as professor of chemistry in the Andersonian Institution, and in 1837, on the See also:

• DEATH

death of Dr See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• TURNER, CHARLES (1773–1857)
• TURNER, JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM (1775–1851)
• TURNER, NAT (1800-1831)
• TURNER, SHARON (1768-1847)
• TURNER, SIR JAMES (1615–1686)
• TURNER, WILLIAM (d. 1568)

Turner, he was transferred to the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of chemistry in University See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• LONDON

London . There he remained till 1855, when he succeeded See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• HERSCHEL, CAROLINE LUCRETIA (1750-1848)
• HERSCHEL, SIR F
• HERSCHEL, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM (1738-1822)
• HERSCHEL, SIR JOHN FREDERICK WILLIAM, BART

Herschel as See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

Master of the See also:

• MINT
• MINT (Lat. moneta; Mid. Eng. mynt)

Mint, a See also:

• POST

post he held until his death on the 16th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1869 . The onerous duties his See also:

• WORK

work at the Mint entailed severely tried his energies, and in quitting a purely scientific career he was subjected to the cares of See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official life, for which he was not fitted by temperament . The researches, however, which he conducted between 1861 and 1869 were as brilliant as any of those in which he engaged . See also:

• GRAHAM, SIR GERALD (1831–1899)
• GRAHAM, SIR JAMES ROBERT GEORGE
• GRAHAM, SYLVESTER (1794-1851)
• GRAHAM, THOMAS (1805-1869)

Graham was elected a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow of the Royal Society in 1836, and a corresponding member of the Institute of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France in 1847, while See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford made him a D . C .

L. in 1855 . He took ' eading See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the London Chemical and See also:

• CAVENDISH
• CAVENDISH, GEORGE (1500-1562?)
• CAVENDISH, HENRY (1731-1810)
• CAVENDISH, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1505-1557)

Cavendish See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies, and served as first See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of both, is 1 and 1846 . Towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of his life the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of t Val Society was offered him, but his failing See also:

• HEALTH

health cause' ;to decline the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour . Graham's work is remarkable at once for finality and for the simplicity of the methods employed 'ining most important results . He communicated papers t `losophical Society of Glasgow before the work of that so( 's recorded in Transactions, but his first published See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, he Absorp- tion of Gases by Liquids," appeared in the An See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

Philosophy for 1826 . The subject with which his name i :ominently associated is the See also:

• DIFFUSION (from the Lat. diffundere; dis-, asunder, and fundere, to pour out)

diffusion of gases . In his per on this subject (1829) he thus summarizes the kno' experiment had afforded as to the See also:

• LAWS

laws which regulate ovement of gases . " Fruitful as the miscibility of gase. peen in in- teresting speculations, the experimental infor i we possess on the subject amounts to little more than the well-established fact that gases of a different nature when brought into contact do not arrange themselves according to their See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density, but they spontaneously diffuse through each other so as to remain in an intimate See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of mixture for any length of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time." For the fissured See also:

• JAR

jar of J . W . See also:

• DOBEREINER, JOHANN WOLFGANG (178o--1849)

Dobereiner he substituted a See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube closed by a plug of See also:

• PLASTER

plaster of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and with this See also:

• SIMPLE

simple appliance he developed the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law now known by his name " that the diffusion See also:

• RATE

rate of gases is inversely as the square See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root of their density." (See DIFFUSION.) He further studied the passage of gases by transpiration through See also:

• FINE

fine tubes, and by effusion through a See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute hole in a See also:

• PLATINUM [symbol Pt, atomic weight 145.0 (0=16)]

platinum disk, and was enabled to show that See also:

• GAS

gas may enter a vacuum in three different ways: (1) by the molecular See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement of diffusion, in virtue of which a gas penetrates through the pores of a disk of compressed See also:

• GRAPHITE

graphite; (2) by effusion through an orifice of sensible dimensions in a platinum disk the relative times of the effusion of gases in See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass being similar to those of the molecular diffusion, although a gas is usually carried by the former See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of impulse with a velocity many thousand times as See also:

• GREAT

great as is demonstrable by the latter; and (3) by the See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar rate of passage due to transpiration through fine tubes, in which the ratios appear to be in See also:

• DIRECT

direct relation with no other known See also:

• PROPERTY

property of the same gases—thus See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen has exactly See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double the transpiration rate of See also:

• NITROGEN [symbol N., atomic weight 14.01, 0=16]

nitrogen,'the relation of those gases as to density being as 1 :14 . He subsequently examined the passage of gases through septa or partitions of indiarubber, unglazed earthenware and plates of metals, such as See also:

• PALLADIUM (Gr. sraXXit&ov)
• PALLADIUM [symbol Pd, atomic weight Io6.7 (O=16)]

palladium, and proved that gases pass through these septa neither by diffusion nor effusion nor by transpiration, but in virtue of a selective absorption which the septa appear to exert on the gases in contact with them . By this means (" See also:

• ATMOLYSIS (Gr. arµos, vapour: XGecv, to loosen)

atmolysis ") he was enabled partially to See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• OXYGEN (symbol 0, atomic weight 16)

oxygen from See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air .

His See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early work on the movements of gases led him to examine the spontaneous movements of liquids, and as a result of the experiments he divided bodies into two classes—crystalloids, such as See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, and colloids, of which See also:

• GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum-arabic is a type —the former having high and the latter See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low diffusibility . He also proved that the See also:

• PROCESS

process of liquid diffusion causes partial decomposition of certain chemical compounds, the See also:

• POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium sulphate, for instance, being separated from the See also:

• ALUMINIUM (symbol Al; atomic weight 27.0)

aluminium sulphate in See also:

• ALUM

alum by the higher diffusibility of the former salt . He also extended his work on the transpiration of gases to liquids, adopting the method of manipulation devised by J . L . M . Poiseuille . He found that dilution with See also:

• WATER

water does not effect proportionate alteration in the transpiration velocities of different liquids, and a certain determinable degree of dilution retards the transpiration velocity . With regard to Graham's more purely chemical work, in 1833 he showed that phosphoric anhydride and water See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form three distinct acids,- and he thus established the existence of polybasic acids, in each of which one or more equivalents of hydrogen are replaceable by certain metals (see See also:

• ANNA
• ANNA (Hindustani ana)
• ANNA, BALDASARRE

Anna) . In 1835 he published the results of an examination of the properties of water of See also:

• CRYSTALLIZATION

crystallization as a constituent of salts . Not the least interesting part of this inquiry was the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of certain definite salts with See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol analogous to hydrates, to which the name of alcoholates was given . A brief paper entitled " Speculative Ideas on the Constitution of See also:

• MATTER

Matter " (1863) possesses See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• INTEREST

interest in connexion with work done since his death, because in it he ex-pressed the view that the various kinds of matter now recognized as different elementary substances may possess one and the same ultimate or atomic See also:

• MOLECULE (from mod. Lat. molecula, the diminutive of moles, a mass)

molecule in different conditions of movement . Graham's Elements of Chemistry, first published in 1833, went through. several See also:

• EDITIONS

editions, and appeared also in See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German, remodelled, under J .

See also:

• OTTO

Otto's direction . His Chemical and See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Researches were collected by Dr See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

Young and Dr See also:

• ANGUS, EARLS OF

Angus See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, and 'printed " for presentation only " at Edinburgh in 1876, Dr Smith contributing to the See also:

• VOLUME

volume a valuable See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface and See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis of its contents . See also T . E .