See also:

• GRATE (from Lat. crates, a hurdle)

GRATE (from See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• CRATES

crates, a See also:

• HURDLE (O. Eng. hyrdel, cognate with such Teutonic forms as Ger. Hilrde, Dutch horde, Eng. " hoarding "; in pre-Teutonic languages the word appears in Gr. Kvprla, wickerwork, e(pT77, Lat. cratis, basket, cf. " crate," " grate ")

hurdle)  , the See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron or See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel receptacle for a domestic See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire . When See also:

• COAL

coal replaced logs and irons were found to be unsuitable for burning the comparatively small lumps, and for this See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason and on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the more concentrated See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat of coal it became necessary to confine the See also:

• AREA

area of the fire . Thus a See also:

• BASKET

basket or cage came into use, which, as knowledge of the scientific principles of See also:

• HEATING

heating increased, was succeeded by the small See also:

• GRATE (from Lat. crates, a hurdle)

grate of iron and fire-See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick set See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close into the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall which has since been in See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary use in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . In the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PART

part of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century polished steel grates were extensively used, but the labour and difficulty of keeping them See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright were considerable, and they were gradually replaced by grates with a polished See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• SURFACE

surface which could be quickly renewed by an application of black-See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead . The most frequent See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the 18th-century grate was rather high from the See also:

• HEARTH (a word which appears in various forms in several Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch haard, German Herd, in the sense of " floor ")

hearth, with a small hob on each See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side . The See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam designed many exceedingly elegant grates in the shape of movable baskets ornamented with the pateraeand See also:

• ACANTHUS (the Greek and Latin name for the plant, connected with &sib a sharp point)

acanthus leaves, the swags and festoons characteristic of their manner . The See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• DOG

dog-grate is a somewhat similar basket supported upon See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs or andirons, fixed or movable . In the closing years of the 19th century a " well-grate " was invented, in which the fire See also:

• BURNS, JOHN (1858– )
• BURNS, ROBERT (1759-1796)
• BURNS, SIR GEORGE

burns upon the hearth, See also:

• COMBUSTION (from the Lat. comburere, to burn up)

combustion being aided by an See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air-chamber below .