See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

JAMES See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

HENRY See also:

• JAMES HENRY GREATHEAD (1844–1896)

GREATHEAD (1844–1896)  , See also:

• BRITISH

British engineer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Grahamstown, Cape See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

Colony, on the 6th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1844 . He migrated to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in 1859, and in 1864 was a See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of P . W . See also:

• BARLOW, JOEL (1754-1812)
• BARLOW, PETER (1776-1862)
• BARLOW, SIR GEORGE HILARO (1762-1847)

Barlow, from whom he became acquainted with the See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield See also:

• SYSTEM

system of tunnelling with which his name is especially associated . Barlow, indeed, had a strong belief in the shield, and was the author of a See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme for facilitating the See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic of See also:

• LONDON

London by the construction of underground See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways See also:

• RUNNING

running in See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast-See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron tubes constructed by its aid . To show what the method could do, it was resolved to make a subway under the See also:

• THAMES

Thames near the See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower, but the troubles encountered by See also:

• SIR

Sir M . I . See also:

• BRUNEL, ISAMBARD KINGDOM (1806-1859)
• BRUNEL, SIR MARC ISAMBARD (1769-1849)

Brunel in the Thames See also:

• TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

Tunnel, where also a shield was employed, made See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

engineers hesitate to undertake the subway, even though it was of very much smaller dimensions (6 ft . 7 in . 1 See also:

• GREAT

Great Falls was a See also:

• PIONEER

pioneer among the cities of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state in the development of a See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park system . When the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city was first settled its site was a " barren See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand, thinly covered with See also:

• BUFFALO

buffalo-grass and patches of See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

sage See also:

• BRUSH (from Fr. brosse, which, like the English word, means both the undergrowth of a wood and the instrument; if the word in both these meanings is ultimately the same, then the origin is from a bundle of brushwood used as a brush or broom, but this is h
• BRUSH, GEORGE DE FOREST (1855– )

brush." The first settler, See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris See also:

• GIBSON, CHARLES DANA (1867- )
• GIBSON, EDMUND (1669-1748)
• GIBSON, JOHN (1790-1866)
• GIBSON, THOMAS MILNER (1806-1884)
• GIBSON, WILLIAM HAMILTON (1850-1896)

Gibson, of Minneapolis, began the planting of trees, which, though not indigenous, See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew well . The city's sidewalks are bordered by strips of See also:

• LAWN

lawn, in which there is a See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row of trees, and the city maintains a large nursery where trees are grown for this purpose .

A See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general state See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law (1901) placing the parking of cities on a See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial basis is due very largely to the impulse furnished by Great Falls . See an See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article, " Great Falls, the Pioneer Park City of See also:

• MONTANA

Montana," by C . H . See also:

• FORBES
• FORBES, ALEXANDER PENROSE (1817-1875)
• FORBES, ARCHIBALD (1838-1900)
• FORBES, DAVID (1828--1876)
• FORBES, DUNCAN
• FORBES, EDWARD (1815—1854)
• FORBES, JAMES DAVID (1809—1868)
• FORBES, SIR JOHN (1787—1861)

Forbes-See also:

• LINDSAY

Lindsay, in the Craftsman for See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1908 . See also:

• INTERNAL

internal See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter) than the tunnel . At this juncture See also:

• GREATHEAD, JAMES HENRY (1844–1896)

Greathead came forward and offered to take up the See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract; and he successfully carried it through in 1869 without finding any See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity to resort to the use of compressed See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air, which Barlow in 1867 had suggested might be employed in See also:

• WATER

water-bearing strata . After this he began to practise on his own See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account, and mainly divided his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time between railway construction and taking out See also:

• PATENTS

patents for improvements in his shield, and for other inventions such as the " Ejector " See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire-hydrant . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early in the 'eighties he began to See also:

• WORK

work in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with a See also:

• COMPANY

company whose aim was to introduce into London from See also:

• AMERICA

America the Hallidie system of See also:

• CABLE (from Late Lat. capulum, a halter, from capere, to take hold of)
• CABLE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1844– )

cable See also:

• TRACTION (Lat. trahere, to draw)

traction, and in 1884 an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

Parliament was obtained authorizing what is now the City & See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South London Railway-a See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube-railway to be worked by cables . This was begun in 1886, and the tunnels were driven by means of the Greathead shield, compressed air being used at those points where water-bearing See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel was encountered . During the progress of the See also:

• WORKS

works See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

electrical traction became so far See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed as to be See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to cables; the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of using the latter was therefore abandoned, and when the railway was opened in 1890 it was as an electrical one . Greathead was engaged in two-other important under-ground lines in London-the See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo & City and the Central London . He lived to see the tunnels of the former completed under the Thames, but the latter was scarcely begun at the time of his See also:

• DEATH

death, which happened at See also:

• STREATHAM

Streatham, in the south of London, on the 21st of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1896 .