See also:

• GREAT

GREAT See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

BRITAIN AND  See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

IRELAND A . Public Observatories . ' See also:

• GREENWICH

Greenwich, royal obs., See also:

• LAT

lat . +51 ° 28' 38.4" . Founded in 1675 for the promotion of See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy and See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation . The obs. have therefore from the first been principally intended to determine the positions of See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard stars, the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun and See also:

• PLANETS, MINOR

planets, and above all to follow the See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion of the See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon with as little interruption as possible, both on and outside the See also:

• MERIDIAN
• MERIDIAN (from the Lat. meridianus, pertaining to the south or mid-day)

meridian . Since 1873 spectroscopic obs. and a daily phot. See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of sun-spots have been taken . The eighth See also:

• SATELLITE (from the Lat. satelles, an attendant)

satellite of See also:

• JUPITER

Jupiter was discovered photographically in 1908 . The obs. is under the direction of the astronomer-royal; and from the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of its first astronomer, See also:

• FLAMSTEED, JOHN (1646-1719)

Flamsteed, the institution has always maintained its See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the foremost See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of obs . Thus the obs. of See also:

• BRADLEY, GEORGE GRANVILLE (1821–1903)
• BRADLEY, JAMES (1693–1762)

Bradley (ob . 1762) See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of See also:

• MODERN

modern stellar astronomy ; but it was especially during the directorship of See also:

• AIRY, SIR GEORGE BIDDELL (1801-1892)

Airy (1835–1881) that the obs. See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to its See also:

• PRESENT

present high See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of efficiency . There are now two See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief assistants, six assistants, and a See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff of computers employed .

The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments now in use are: a meridian circle by See also:

• SIMMS, WILLIAM GILMORE (1806–1870)

Simms (and Ransomes and May as See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

engineers), erected in 1850, having a circle of 6-ft. See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter and a See also:

• TELESCOPE

telescope of 8-in. ap., Lassell's 2-ft. refl., erected 1884; 13-in. phot. ref r. with 10-in. vis. o.g. by Grubb; 28-in. refr. by Grubb; 26-in. phot. refr. by Grubb, with the old 12.8-in. refr. as guiding telescope; 9-in. phot. refr. by Grubb, and 3o-in. s.g. refl. by See also:

• COMMON

Common, the last four being on one stand; 8-in. altazimuth by Simms, erected 1896 . The 26-in. and the 9-in. were presented by See also:

• SIR

Sir H . See also:

• THOMPSON
• THOMPSON, FRANCIS (1860-1907)
• THOMPSON, LAUNT (1833-1894)
• THOMPSON, SIR HENRY, BART
• THOMPSON, SIR JOHN SPARROW (1844-1894)
• THOMPSON, THOMAS PERONNET (1783-1869)
• THOMPSON, WILLIAM HEPWORTH (18ro–1886)

Thompson . The standard " motor See also:

• CLOCK

clock " is the centre of a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of electrically-controlled clocks scattered over the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom . The magnetic and meteorological See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department was founded in 1838; it contains a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete set of instruments giving continuous phot. records . The Observations are published with all details from 1750, beginning with 1836 in See also:

• ANNUAL

annual bulky See also:

• QUARTO

quarto volumes; See also:

• SPECIAL

special results—e.g., See also:

• STAR

Star Catalogues, Reductions of Lunar and Planetary Observations—are published in See also:

• SEPARATE

separate volumes . See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• KENSINGTON

Kensington, See also:

• SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

Solar physics obs., lat . +51° 29' 48.0", See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long. o h. o m . 41.5 s . W . Founded 1879, under Sir N . See also:

• LOCKYER, SIR JOSEPH NORMAN (1836– )

Lockyer; 3-ft. refl. and 3o-in. refl. by Common; 10-in. refr. by See also:

• COOKE, GEORGE FREDERICK (1756–1811)
• COOKE, JAY (1821–1905)
• COOKE, ROSE TERRY (1827-1892)

Cooke, and several siderQstats with attachments for spectroscopic and phot. See also:

• WORK

work .

See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, See also:

• RADCLIFFE
• RADCLIFFE, ANN (1764-1823)
• RADCLIFFE, JOHN (1650-1714)
• RADCLIFFE, SIR GEORGE (1593-1657)

Radcliffe obs., lat . +51 ° 45' 35.4 long. o h . 5 m . 2.6 s . W . Founded in 1771 by the Radcliffe trustees . Obs. were regularly made, but none were published until 1839, when systematic obs. were begun with an 8-ft. transit See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument by See also:

• BIRD

Bird (1773) and a 6-ft. mural circle by See also:

• JONES
• JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
• JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
• JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
• JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
• JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
• JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
• JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
• JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
• JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
• JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
• JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
• JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
• JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
• JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
• JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)

Jones (1836) . See also:

• HELIOMETER (from Gr. iXtos, sun, and p.Erpov, a measure)

Heliometer (71 in.) by See also:

• REPSOLD, JOHANN GEORG (1771–1830)

Repsold (1849); meridian circle by See also:

• TROUGHTON, EDWARD (1753-1835)

Troughton and Simms, mounted in 1861, formerly belonging to Mr See also:

• CARRINGTON, CHARLES

Carrington; to-in. ref r. by Cooke (1887), Grubb refr. with 24-in. phot. and 18-in. vis. o.g . (1902); self-recording meteorological instruments . Besides the annual 8vo vols. of Observations (from 1840), four catalogues of stars have been published . Oxford, univ. obs., lat . +510 45' 34.2", long. o h .

5 m . 0.4 S . W . Finished in 1875; is under the Savilian See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of astronomy; 12i-in. ref r. by Grubb, and a refl. made and presented by Ike La See also:

• RUE (Fr. rue, Lat. ruta, from Gr. pur)

Rue . The former has been used for photometric obs.; the latter for taking lunar photographs, by means of which the See also:

• LATE

late Professor See also:

• PRITCHARD, CHARLES (1808–1893)
• PRITCHARD, HANNAH (1711-1768)

Pritchard investigated the See also:

• LIBRATION (Lat. libra, a balance)

libration of the moon; 13-in. phot. ref r . by Grubb attached to the 12i-in., used for phot. work . See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, lat . +52° 12' 51.6", long. o h. o m . 22.8 s . E . Founded by the univ. See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate in 1820 . Chiefly devoted to meridian work—up to 187o with a 5-in. transit by See also:

• DOLLOND, JOHN (1706—1761)

Dollond and a mural circle by Jones; a new meridian circle by Simms, of 8-in. ap. and 3-ft. circles, was then erected .

The " See also:

• NORTHUMBERLAND
• NORTHUMBERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN DUDLEY, VISCOUNT LISLE, EARL OF WARWICK
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN NEVILLE, EARL OF (c. 1430-1471)

Northumberland See also:

• EQUATORIAL

equatorial " was mounted in the " See also:

• ENGLISH

English " See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion in 1838; the o.g. by Cauchoix is of 111-in. ap . R . S . Newall's 25-in. refr. by Cooke, erected 1891, used for spectrographic work; siderostatic refr. with 12-in. o.g. by Cooke, 1898 . In 1908 the instruments of Sir W . See also:

• HUGGINS, SIR WILLIAM (1824-1910)

Huggins' obs. were presented by the Royal Society . See also:

• DURHAM
• DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, 1ST EARL OF (1792–1840)

Durham, univ. obs., lat . +54° 46' 6.2" long. o h . 6 m . 19.8 s . W . Founded in 1841; small meridian circle by Simms, refr. by See also:

• FRAUNHOFER, JOSEPH VON (1787-1826)

Fraunhofer of 61-in. ap., Almucantar of 6-in. ap. by Cooke (1900) .

See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool (Bidston, See also:

• BIRKENHEAD

Birkenhead), lat . +53° 24' 4.8", long. o h . 12 m . 17.3 s . W . Founded in 1838 by the municipal See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council; transferred in 1856 to the Docks and See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

Harbour See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board; moved to Birkenhead in 1867 . Specially intended for testing the rates of chronometers under different temperatures . Transit instrument by Troughton and Simms, and an 8-in. refr. by Merz . See also:

• KEW

Kew (See also:

• RICHMOND
• RICHMOND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• RICHMOND, LEGH (1772-1827)
• RICHMOND, SIR WILLIAM BLAKE (1842– )

Richmond), lat . +51° 28' 6", long. o h . I m . 15.1 s .

W . The central meteorological obs. of the United Kingdom, with self-registering meteorological and magnetical instruments . Established' in 1842 under the auspices of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Association, afterwards transferred to the Royal Society . Since 1900 a department of the See also:

• NATIONAL

National Laboratory . A photoheliograph was employed at De La Rue's expense to take daily sun-pictures from 1863 to 1872 . See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, royal obs., Blackford See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill, lat . +55° 57' 28.0", long. o h . 12 M . 44.2 s . W . Founded in 1811 by subscription; the See also:

• BUILDING

building on Calton Hill erected in 1818 . In 1834 the founders handed over the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration to the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, and in 1846 theownership was similarly transferred .

Since 1834 the obs. has been under the direction of the astronc mer-rcyal for See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, who is also professor of See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical astronomy in the univ . Professor T . See also:

• HENDERSON
• HENDERSON, ALEXANDER (1583-1646)
• HENDERSON, EBENEZER (1784-1858)
• HENDERSON, GEORGE FRANCIS ROBERT (1854-1903)
• HENDERSON, JOHN (1747-1785)

Henderson (1833–1845) began extensive meridian obs. of fixed stars with a mural circle of 6-ft. diameter and an 8-ft. transit . A 2-ft. s.g. refl. by Grubb was erected in 1872 . New obs. erected on Blackford Hill 1893–1895 for the instruments presented by See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• CRAWFORD, EARLS OF
• CRAWFORD, FRANCIS MARION (1854–1909)
• CRAWFORD, THOMAS (1814–1857)
• CRAWFORD, WILLIAM HARRIS (1772–1834)

Crawford; 15-in. refr. by Grubb, transit circle by Simms of 8-in. ap., 12-in. s.g. refl. by See also:

• BROWNING, ELIZABETH BARRETT (z8o6-r861)
• BROWNING, OSCAR (1837- )
• BROWNING, ROBERT (1812-1889)

Browning, two 6-in. refrs. and a very See also:

• FINE

fine library; also the 2-ft. refl . The old obs. on Calton Hill now belongs to the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and is used for instruction; a 21-in. refr. by Wragge has been erected . See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow, univ. obs., lat . +55° 52' 42.8", long. c h . 17 M . Io•6 s . W . Organized in 184o by subscription, aided by subsidies from the univ. and the state .

Meridian circle by Ertel of 6-in. ap.; 9-in. refr. by Ccoke, 20-in. s.g. refl. by Grubb with spectrograph . Two catalogues of stars were published by the late director, R . See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

Grant . See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin, situated about 4 m . N.W. of Dublin at Dunsink, lat . +53° 23' 13.1", long. o h . 25 M . 21.1 s . W . Belongs to the univ . ; erected in 1785; is under the direction of the " See also:

• ANDREWS, JAMES PETTIT (c. 1737–1797)
• ANDREWS, THOMAS (1813–1885)

Andrews professor of astronomy and royal astrcnomer of Ireland." In 18o8 a reversible meridian circle by See also:

• RAMSDEN, JESSE (1735-1800)

Ramsden and Berge of 8-ft. diameter was put up, with which Brinkley observed assiduously till 1827 . In 1868 was erected a refr. of I11-in. ap. by Cauchoix (e.g. formerly belonging to and given by Sir J .

South), which has been used for researches on stellar See also:

• PARALLAX (Gr. aapa?X6, alternately)

parallax . A meridian circle by Pistor and Martins of 6.4-in. ap. was mounted in 1873, and a 15-in. s.g. refl. for phot. work in 1889 . Astronomical Observations and Researches made at Dunsink in 4to parts . See also:

• ARMAGH

Armagh, lat . +54° 21 12.7", long. o h . 26 m . 35.4 s . W . Founded and endowed by See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop R . See also:

• ROBINSON, EDWARD (1794–1863)
• ROBINSON, HENRY CRABB (1777–1867)
• ROBINSON, JOHN (1575–1625)
• ROBINSON, JOHN (1650-1723)
• ROBINSON, JOHN THOMAS ROMNEY (1792–1882)
• ROBINSON, MARY [" Perdita "] (1758–1800)
• ROBINSON, SIR JOHN BEVERLEY, BART
• ROBINSON, SIR JOSEPH BENJAMIN (1845– )
• ROBINSON, THEODORE (1852-1896)

Robinson in 1790 . Possessed very few instruments until the obs. was enlarged by Archbishop Lord See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• BERESFORD, JOHN (1738-1805)
• BERESFORD, LORD CHARLES WILLIAM DE LA POER (1846- )
• BERESFORD, WILLIAM CARR BERESFORD, VISCOUNT (1768–1854)

Beresford in 1827, when a mural circle and a transit by Jones were provided, with which meridian obs. were made till 1883, published in two star catalogues; 10-in. refr. by Grubb (1885) used for See also:

• MICROMETER (from Gr. wcp6c, small, jArpov, a measure)

micrometer work . B .

Principal Private Observatories in z9o8 . Mr W . Coleman's obs., See also:

• BUCKLAND, FRANCIS TREVELYAN (1826–188o)
• BUCKLAND, WILLIAM (1784–1856)

Buckland, See also:

• DOVER
• DOVER, GEORGE JAMES WELBORE
• DOVER, HENRY JERMYN, EARL OF (c. 1636-1708)
• DOVER, ROBERT (1575-1641)

Dover, lat . +51° 8' 12", long. o h . 5 m . 11 s . E . Cooke 8-in. refr. used for obs. of See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double stars . Mr J . See also:

• FRANKLIN
• FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (1706-1790)
• FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN (1786-1847)
• FRANKLIN, WILLIAM BUEL (1823-1903)

Franklin-See also:

• ADAMS
• ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH (1827-1882)
• ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886)
• ADAMS, HENRY (1838— )
• ADAMS, HENRY CARTER (1852— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT (i858— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850—1901)
• ADAMS, JOHN (1735–1826)
• ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (1767-1848)
• ADAMS, SAMUEL (1722-1803)
• ADAMS, THOMAS (d. c. 1655)
• ADAMS, WILLIAM (d. 162o)

Adams's obs., Mervel Hill, Hambledon, See also:

• SURREY
• SURREY, EARLDOM OF
• SURREY, HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF (1518?-1547)

Surrey, lat . +51° 8' 11.6", long. o h . 2 M .

30-2 s . W . Erected 1903; twin equatorial by Cooke with 12-in. and 6-in. lenses, another with 8-in. and 6-in. lenses, used for phot. survey of the heavens with special reference to the Milky Way . The former instrument was used at the Cape in 1903–1904 . Rev . T . E . Espin's obs., See also:

• TOW

Tow See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

Law, See also:

• DARLINGTON

Darlington, lat . +54° 43' 30", long. o h . 7 m . 14 S . W .

17i-in. refl. by Calver, used since 1888 for See also:

• SPECTROSCOPY (from Lat. spectrum, an appearance, and Gr. a-sore y, to see)

spectroscopy and obs. of double stars . Mr W . H . Maw's ohs., Kensington, lat . +51° 30' 2.8", long. o h. o m . 49.4 s . W., 6-in. refr. by Cooke (1886) . Also at Outwood, Surrey, lat . +51° II' 38", long. o h. o m . 23.7 s . W., 8-in. refr. by Cooke (1896), both used on double stars . Sir See also:

• WILFRID (c. 634-709)

Wilfrid Peek's obs., Rousdon, Lyme Regis, lat .

+5o° 42' 38", long. o h . 11 m . 59.0 s . W . Erected by the late Sir See also:

• CUTHBERT, SAINT (d. 687)

Cuthbert Peek in 1885; 6.4-in. refr. by Merz used for obs. variable stars . See also:

• EARL

Earl of See also:

• ROSSE, EARL OF
• ROSSE, WILLIAM PARSONS, 3RD EARL

Rosse's obs., See also:

• BIRR, or PARSONSTOWN

Birr See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King's See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, Ireland, lat . +53° 5' 47", long. o h . 31 M . 40.9 s . W . In 1839 the earl made and mounted a refl. of 3-ft. ap . (remounted as equat. in 1876), and in 1845 he completed the celebrated refl. of 6-ft. ap. and 54-ft. See also:

• FOCAL

focal length .

These instruments, particularly the latter, were used from 1848 to 1878 for ohs. of nebulae, and revealed many new features in these bodies; results published in the Phil . Trans. and collected systematically in the Trans . See also:

• ROY, WILLIAM (1726-1790)

Roy . Dubl . See also:

• SOC

Soc . (1879–188o) . Experiments were made by the present earl tc determine the amount of See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat radiated from the moon . See also:

• RUGBY

Rugby School (See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple Obs.), lat . +52° 22' 7", long. o h . 5 M . 2 s . W .

Founded in 1872; 8i-in. refr. by See also:

• CLARK, FRANCIS EDWARD (1851- )
• CLARK, GEORGE ROGERS (1752—1818)
• CLARK, JOHN BATES (1847— )
• CLARK, JOSIAH LATIMER (1822—1898)
• CLARK, SIR ANDREW
• CLARK, SIR JAMES (1788—1870)
• CLARK, THOMAS (1801—1867)
• CLARK, WILLIAM (1770-1838)
• CLARK, WILLIAM GEORGE (1821—1878)

Clark, used for obs. of double stars and of stellar spectra . Stonyhurst See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College obs., See also:

• LANCASHIRE

Lancashire, lat . +53° 50' 40", long. o h . 9 M . 52.7 s . W . An 8-in. refr. by Troughton and Simms, mounted in 1867, used for spectroscopic and micrometric obs.; 15-in . See also:

• PERRY
• PERRY (from Fr. Moire, from poire, a pear)
• PERRY, MATTHEW CALBRAITH (1794–1858)
• PERRY, OLIVER HAZARD (1785-1819)

Perry memorial refr. by Grubb mounted in 1893, used chiefly for solar work . C . Private Observatories now discontinued . Mr J . G .

See also:

• BARCLAY, ALEXANDER (c. 1476-1552)
• BARCLAY, JOHN (1582-1621)
• BARCLAY, JOHN (1734-1798)
• BARCLAY, R
• BARCLAY, ROBERT (1648-1690)
• BARCLAY, WILLIAM (1546–1608)

Barclay's obs., See also:

• LEYTON

Leyton, See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• ESSEX, KINGDOM OF
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

Essex, lat . +51° 34' 34", long. o h. o m . 0.9 s . W . In activity from 1862 till 1886, Ic-in. refr. by Cooke; chiefly devoted to double stars . Mr G . See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop's obs., South See also:

• VILLA

Villa, See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

Regent's See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park, See also:

• LONDON

London, lat . +51° 31' 29.9", long. o h. o m . 37.1 s . W . In activity from 1836 to 1861, then removed to See also:

• TWICKENHAM

Twickenham, and discontinued in 1874; had a 7-in. refr. by Dollond, with which Mr J . R .

See also:

• HIND

Hind discovered ten See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor planets and several comets, and constructed maps of stars near the See also:

• ECLIPTIC

ecliptic . Mr R . C . Carrington's obs., Redhill, lat . +51° 14' 25'3", long. o h. o m . 41.3 s . W . Established in 1854; had a 41-in. refr. and transit circle of 5-in. ap . (now at Radcliffe Ohs.) . With the latter a See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

catalogue of the positions of 3735 stars within 9° of the See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

pole, with the former See also:

• REGULAR

regular obs. of sun-spots, were made from 1853 to 1861 . 956 Mr A . A .

Common's obs., See also:

• EALING

Ealing, London, W . (1876-1903) . 18-in. s.g. refl. erected in 1876, s.g. refl. of 36-in. ap . (See also:

• MIRROR (through O. Fr. mirour, mod. miroir, from a sup-posed Late Lat. miratorium, from mirari, to admire)

mirror by Calver, mounting by the owner), erected in 1879; chiefly used for See also:

• CELESTIAL, OR STELLAR

celestial See also:

• PHOTOGRAPHY (Gr. bias, light, and ypa w, to write)
• PHOTOGRAPHY, CELESTIAL

photography, replaced by a refl. of 5-ft. ap. in 1889 . See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel See also:

• COOPER
• COOPER (or COUPER), THOMAS (c. 1517-1594)
• COOPER, ABRAHAM (1787—1868)
• COOPER, ALEXANDER (d. i66o)
• COOPER, CHARLES HENRY (18o8-1866)
• COOPER, JAMES FENIMORE (1789-1851)
• COOPER, PETER (1791-1883)
• COOPER, SAMUEL (1609-1672)
• COOPER, SIR ASTLEY PASTON (1768-1841)
• COOPER, THOMAS (1759–1840)
• COOPER, THOMAS (1805–1892)
• COOPER, THOMAS SIDNEY (1803–1902)

Cooper's obs., Markree Castle, Co . See also:

• SLIGO

Sligo, Ireland, lat . +54° Io' 31.8", long. o h . 33 M . 48'4 s . W . Founded by the late E . J .

Cooper, who in 1834 erected a refr. of 13.3-in. ap . (o.g. by Cauchoix) . This instrument was from 1848 to 1856 used for determining the approximate places of 60,000 stars near the ecliptic . The obs. was restored in 1874, and the refr. was used for double-star obs. till 1883 . Earl of Crawford's obs., Dunecht, See also:

• ABERDEENSHIRE

Aberdeenshire, lat . +57° 9' 36", long. o h . 9 M . 40 s . W . Founded in 1872; 15-10. refr. by Grubb, 12-in. s.g. refl. by Browning, two 6-in. and several smaller refrs. meridian circle by Simms similar to the one at Cambridge, numerous spectroscopes and minor instruments, also a large library and a collection of See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical instruments . Chiefly devoted to spectroscopic and cometary obs . Whole equipment presented to Edinburgh obs. in 1888 .

Mr E . Crossley's obs., Bermerside, See also:

• HALIFAX
• HALIFAX, CHARLES MONTAGUE, EARL OF (1661–1715)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE MONTAGU DUNK, 2ND EARL OF (1716-1771)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE SAVILE, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1633-1695)

Halifax, See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire . Equatorial refr. by Cooke of 9.3 in. ap., erected in 1871, chiefly used for obs. of double stars till 1902 . Rev W . R . See also:

• DAWES, HENRY LAURENS (1816-1903)
• DAWES, RICHARD (1708-1766)

Dawes's obs., first at See also:

• ORMSKIRK

Ormskirk (1830-1839), lat . +53° 43' 18", long. o h . II m . 36 s . W.; afterwards at See also:

• CRANBROOK
• CRANBROOK, GATHORNE

Cranbrook, See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent (1844-185o), lat . +51° 6' 31", long. o h . 2 M. io•8 s .

E.; then at Wateringbury, near See also:

• MAIDSTONE

Maidstone, lat . +51° 15' 12", long. o h . I m . 39.8 s . E., till 1857; and finally at Hopefield, Haddenham, lat . +51° 45' 54", long. o h . 3 M . 43.4 s . W., till Mr Dawes's See also:

• DEATH

death in 1868 . Possessed at first only small instruments, then successively a 6-in. refr. by Merz, a 72-in. and an 8i-in. refr. by Clark, and an 8-in. refr. by Cooke, with all of which a See also:

• GREAT

great many See also:

• MEASURES

measures of double stars were made . Mr W . De La Rue's obs., Cranford, See also:

• MIDDLESEX
• MIDDLESEX, LIONEL CRANFIELD, 1ST EARL OF (1575-1645)

Middlesex, lat .

+51° 28' 57.8", long. o h . I m . 37.5 s . W . Established in 1857; with 13-in. refl , de-voted to solar and lunar photography . The Kew photoheliograph was employed here from 1858 to 1863 to take daily photographs of the sun . The refl. was presented to the Oxford univ. obs. in 1874 . Mr S . Groombridge's obs., See also:

• BLACKHEATH

Blackheath, lat . +51° 28' 2.7", long. o h. o m. o•6 s . E . In 1806 Mr Groombridge obtained a new transit circle of 4-ft. diameter by Troughton, with which he up to 1816 observed stars within 5o° of the pole forming a catalogue of 4243 stars .

Sir See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William and Sir John See also:

• HERSCHEL, CAROLINE LUCRETIA (1750-1848)
• HERSCHEL, SIR F
• HERSCHEL, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM (1738-1822)
• HERSCHEL, SIR JOHN FREDERICK WILLIAM, BART

Herschel's obs. at See also:

• SLOUGH

Slough near See also:

• WINDSOR
• WINDSOR (properly NEw WINDSOR)

Windsor, lat . +51° 30' 20", long. o h . 2 M . 24 s . W . William Herschel settled at Datchet in 1782, and at Slough in 1786, and erected several 20-ft. refl . (of 18-in. ap.), and in 1789 his 4o-ft. refl. of 4-ft. ap . The latter was comparatively little used (two satellites of See also:

• SATURN
• SATURN [SATURNUS]

Saturn were discovered with it), while the former served to discover about 2500 nebulae and clusters, 800 double stars, and two satellites of See also:

• URANUS
• URANUS (Heaven)

Uranus, as also to make the innumerable other obs. which have made the name of Herschel so celebrated . Sir J . Herschel used a 20-ft. refl. at Slough from 1825 to 183, and from 1834 to 1838 at the Cape of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

Hope, to examine the nebulae and double stars of the whole of the visible heavens, discovering 2100 new nebulae and 5500 new double stars . Sir William Huggins's obs., Upper Tulse Hill, London, lat . +51° 26' 47", long. o h. o m .

27.7 s . W . Founded in 1856; furnished with an 8-in. refr . (by Clark and Cooke) . In 187o was erected an equat. mounting with a I5-in. refr. and a Cassegrain refl. of 18-in. ap., both made by Grubb for the Royal Society . With these Sir W . Huggins has made his well-known spectroscopic observations and photographs of stellar spectra . The instruments were transferred to the Cambridge obs. in 1908 . Rev T . J . Hussey's obs., See also:

• HAYES, RUTHERFORD BIRCHARD (1822–1893)

Hayes, Kent, lat . +51° 22' 38", long. o h. o m .

3.6 s . E . In activity from about 1825 for about twelve years; 62-in. refr. by Fraunhofer, used for making one of the star maps published by the See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy . Mr G . Knott's obs., Cuckfield, See also:

• SUSSEX
• SUSSEX, EARLS OF
• SUSSEX, KINGDOM OF (SO Seaxe, i.e. the South Saxons)
• SUSSEX, THOMAS RADCLYFFE [or RATCLYFFE], 3RD EARL OF (c. 1525-1583)

Sussex (from 186o to 1873 at Woodcroft, lat . +51° 0' 41", long. o h. o m . 34 s . W., afterwards at See also:

• KNOWLES, JAMES SHERIDAN (1784-1862)
• KNOWLES, SIR JAMES (1831-1908)

Knowles See also:

• LODGE
• LODGE, EDMUND (1756-1839)
• LODGE, H
• LODGE, HENRY CABOT (1850– )
• LODGE, SIR OLIVER JOSEPH (1851– )
• LODGE, THOMAS (c. 1558–1625)

Lodge, Cuckfield) ; 7.3-in. refr. by Clark, used for observing double stars and variable stars till 1894 . Mr W . Lassell's obs., from 184o to 1861 at Starfield near See also:

• LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

Liver-See also:

• POOL

pool, lat . +53° 25' 28", long. o h . 11 m .

38.7 S . W.; contained refl. of 9- and 24-in. ap.; employed for obs. of the satellites of Saturn, Uranus and See also:

• NEPTUNE
• NEPTUNE (Lat. NEPTUNUS)

Neptune, and of nebulae . The 2-ft. refl. was used at See also:

• MALTA
• MALTA (or MEDITERRANEAN) FEVER

Malta in 1852-1853, and a 4-ft. refl. was mounted in 1861, also at Malta, and used till 1864 for obs. of satellites and nebulae . The eighth satellite of Saturn, the two inner satellites of Uranus and the satellite of Neptune were discovered at Starfield by Mr Lassell . Dr J . See also:

• LEE
• LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
• LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
• LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
• LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
• LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
• LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
• LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
• LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
• LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
• LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
• LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
• LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
• LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)

Lee's obs., Hartwell, Bucks, lat . +51° 48' 36", long. h . 3 M . 24.3 s . W . In 1836 Dr Lee came into See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• SMYTH (or SMITH), JOHN (c. 1570-1612)
• SMYTH (or SMITH), WILLIAM (c. 1460-1514)
• SMYTH, CHARLES
• SMYTH, SIR WARINGTON WILKINSON (1817-1890)

Smyth's 6-in. ref r., and mounted it at Hartwell See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House where it continued to be occasionally employed for double-star obs. and other work up to about 1864 . Mr F .

McClean's obs., Rusthall House, Tunbridge See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

Wells . Phot . 12-in. refr. and o.g. See also:

• PRISM (Gr. rrpivµa, properly a thing sawn, Irpii"ety, to saw)

prism by Grubb used for photos. of star spectra, 1895-1904 . Mr R . S . Newall's obs., See also:

• GATESHEAD

Gateshead, See also:

• NEWCASTLE
• NEWCASTLE, DUKES OF

Newcastle-on-See also:

• TYNE

Tyne . A 25-in. ref r. by Cooke was mounted in 1870 but never used; presented to Cambridge obs. in 1891 . Dr See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac See also:

• ROBERTS, DAVID (1796-1864)
• ROBERTS, FREDERICK SLEIGH ROBERTS, EARL

Roberts's obs., Crowborough, Sussex, lat . +51° 3' 7" long. o h. o m . 37 s . E . 20-in. s.g. refl. by Grubb (with 7-in. refr.) used for phot. of nebulae and clusters 1890-1904 .

Captain W . H . Smyth's obs., See also:

• BEDFORD

Bedford, lat . +52° 8' 27.6", long.. o h . I m . 52.0 s . W . In 183o Captain (afterwards See also:

• ADMIRAL

Admiral) Smyth erected a 6-in. refr. by Tulley, and observed the double stars and nebulae contained in his " Bedford Catalogue " (1844) . Sir See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James South's obs., from 1816 to 1824 at Blackman See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street, See also:

• SOUTHWARK

Southwark, long. o h. o m . 21.8 s . W . Here South took transit obs. of the sun, and he and J .

Herschel measured double stars, in 1821-1823 . In 1826 South erected an obs. at Campden Hill, Kensington, lat . +51° 30' 12", long. o h. o m . 46.8 s . W., and procured a 12-in. o.g. from Cauchoix . As 'Troughton, however, failed to make a satisfactory mounting, the See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass was never used till after it had been presented to Dublin ohs. in 1862 . Colonel Tomline's obs. at Orwell Park, See also:

• IPSWICH

Ipswich, lat . +52° 0' 33", long. o h . 4 M . 55.8 s . E. lo-in. refr. by Merz, used for obs. of comets from 1874 to 1889 . Mr W .

E . See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson's (d . 1908), obs., Daramona, Streete, Co . See also:

• WESTMEATH
• WESTMEATH, EARL OF

Westmeath, Ireland, lat . +53° 41' 12", long. o h . 29 M . 59 S . W . 2-ft. refl. by Grubb, and other instruments for phot. and solar work . Lord Wrottesley's obs., from 1829 to 1841 at Blackheath, lat . +51° 28' 2", long. o h. o m . 2.7 s .

E., where a catalogue of the right ascensions of 1318 stars was formed from obs. with a transit instrument by Jones . In 1842 a new obs. was built at Wrottesley See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall, lat . +52° 37' 2.3", long. o h . 8 m . 53.6 s . W., where the transit and a 7i-,i in.-refr. by Dollond were mounted . Obs. were here made of double stars . See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

FRANCE See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, national obs., lat . +48° 5o' I1•2", long. o h . 9 M . 20.9 s . E .

Founded in 1667, when the construction of a large and monumental building was commenced by the architect See also:

• CLAUDE, JEAN (1619-1687)

Claude See also:

• PERRAULT, CHARLES (1628-1703)

Perrault . J . D . See also:

• CASSINI

Cassini's obs. made the institution for some time the most celebrated obs. existing, but later the activity declined, although several eminent men, as Bouvard and See also:

• ARAGO, DOMINIQUE FRANCOIS JEAN (1786-1853)

Arago, have held the See also:

• POST

post of director . Since 1854, when See also:

• LEVERRIER, URBAIN JEAN JOSEPH (1811—1877)

Leverrier assumed the directorship, the obs. have been conducted with regularity, and, together with a number of most important theoretical See also:

• WORKS

works, published in the See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

Annals (Observations and See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs) . The principal instruments now in use are: a meridian circle by Secretan and Eichens, with an o.g. of 9:5-in. ap., another by Eichens (given by M . Bischoffsheim) of 7.5-in. ap., a 15-in. refr. by Lerebours and See also:

• BRUNNER, HENRY (184o– )

Brunner, a 12-in. refr. by Secretan and Eichens, a refr. of 9.5-in. ap., an equat. coud6e by See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry and See also:

• GAUTIER
• GAUTIER, EMILE THEODORE LEON (1832-1897)
• GAUTIER, THEOPHILE (1811-1872)

Gautier of 104-in. ap . (1883), another by the same of 23i-in. ap., vis. and phot . (1891), phot. ref r. of 13 in, by the same . A s.g. refl. of 4-ft. ap. was mounted in 1875, but has never been used . In addition to this national obs. there were during the latter See also:

• HALF

half of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century several minor obs. in Paris, which only lasted for some years . Among these were the obs. at College See also:

• MAZARIN, JULES (1602-1661)

Mazarin, lat .

+48° 51' 29", where See also:

• LACAILLE, NICOLAS LOUIS DE (1713-1762)

Lacaille observed from 1746 to 1750, and from 1754 to 1762, and the obs. at the E°See also:

• COLE, SIR HENRY (1808–1882)
• COLE, THOMAS (1801–1848)
• COLE, TIMOTHY (1852– )
• COLE, VICAT (1833–1893)

cole Militaire, lat . +48° 51' 5", built in 1768 and furnished with an 8-ft. mural quadrant by Bird, with which J . L. d'Agelet observed telescopic stars (1782-1785), and which was afterwards (1789-1801), under See also:

• LALANDE, JOSEPH JEROME LEFRANCAIS DE (1732-1807)

Lalande's direction, employed for observing more than 50,000 stars, published in the Histoire See also:

• CELESTE, MADAME (1815–1882)

Celeste (18oi) . See also:

• MEUDON

Meudon, See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to Paris, lat . +48° 48' 18", long. o h . 8 m . 55.6 s . E . Founded in 1875; devoted to physical astronomy, and especially to celestial photography, under the direction of J . See also:

• JANSSEN, JOHANNES (1829-1891)
• JANSSEN, or JANSEN (sometimes JOHNSON), CORNELIUS (1593-1664)
• JANSSEN, PIERRE JULES CESAR (1824–1907)

Janssen; 32-in. vis. and 24i-in. phot. ref r. by Henry and Gautier, refl. by the same of 39-in. ap . There is a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch obs. on Mont See also:

• BLANC, (JEAN JOSEPH CHARLES) LOUIS (1811-1882)
• BLANC, MONT

Blanc, where a polar siderostat with 12-in. o.g. and 20-in. mirror is occasionally used for solar and spectroscopic work (15,780 ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level) . Montsouris, situated in the Montsouris Park, south of Paris, lat .

+48° 49' 18", long. o h . 9 M . 20.7 S . E . Founded in 1875 for the training of See also:

• NAVAL

naval See also:

• OFFICERS

officers . Juvissy (See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

Seine-et-See also:

• OISE

Oise), private obs. of N . C . Flammarion, lat . +48° 41' 37", long. o h . 9 M . 29.0 s . E .

91-in. refr. used for obs. of planets . Chevreuse (Seine-et-Oise), private obs. of M . Farman (1903), lat, +48° 42' 33", long. o h . 8 m . 4.5 s . E.; 8-in. refr. by Mailhat used on double stars . See also:

• BESANCON

Besancon, chronometric and meteorol. obs., lat . +470 14' 59.0", long. o h . 23 M . 57.1 s . E . Opened 1884; 8-in. refr., 12-in. equat, coud6e, 72-in. transit circle, all by Gautier .

See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons, old obs. in lat . 45° 45' 46", long. o h . 19 M . 18 s . E., at the Jesuit college . A new obs. was erected in 1877 at St G6nis-See also:

• LAVAL
• LAVAL, ANDRE DE, SEIGNEUR DE LOHEAC (c. 1408-1485)

Laval, at some distance from the city, lat . + 45° 41' 41 .o", long. o h . 19 M . 8.5 s . E . Transit circle by Eichens (6-in. o.g.), i2-in. equat. coud6e by Gautier, 12-in. siderostat . See also:

• BORDEAUX

Bordeaux, univ. obs. at Floirac, 4 km .

N.W. of the city, lat . +44° 50' 7.3", long. o h . 2 M . 5.5 s . W . Founded 1882; 7-in. transit circle by Eichens, I4-in. refr. by Merz and Gautier, 13-in. phot. refr. by Henry and Gautier . See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles, lat . 43° i8' 17.5", long. o h . 21 M . 34.6 s . E . Originally belonging to the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits, taken over by the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry of the See also:

• NAVY

navy in 1749 .

It was here that J . L . Pons made his numerous discoveries of comets . New buildings erected in 1869; 9i-in . Merz. refr., refl. of 32-in. ap. s.g. by See also:

• FOUCAULT, JEAN BERNARD LEON (1819—1868)

Foucault, 71-in. transit circle . See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse, lat . 430 36' 45.0", long. o h . 5 M . 49.9 S . E . Erected in 1841 (Darquier had observed at the See also:

• LYCEUM

Lyceum towards the end of the 18th century); reorganized 1873; 9-in. refr. and phot. refr. by Gautier, i3-in. and 32-in. refl . See also:

• NICE

Nice, lat .

+ 43° 43' 16.9" long. o h . 29 M . 12.2 s . E., founded and endowed by R . L . Bischoffsheim for the See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau de See also:

• LONGITUDE (from Lat. longitudo, " length ")

Longitude (188o), situated at Mont See also:

• GROS, ANTOINE JEAN, BARON (1771–1835)

Gros, See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of Nice; a refr. of 3o-in. ap. by Henry and Gautier, a meridian circle by Brunner of 8-in. ap., 15-in. refr. and 151-in. equat. coudee by Henry and Gautier . A bbadia (Basses See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]