THE See also:

• GREAT

GREAT LAKES OF See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

NORTH See also:

• AMERICA

AMERICA  . The connected See also:

• STRING

string of five fresh-See also:

• WATER

water inland seas, Lakes See also:

• SUPERIOR

Superior, See also:

• MICHIGAN
• MICHIGAN, LAKE
• MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF

Michigan, See also:

• HURON
• HURON (a French term, from huge', bristled, early used as an expression of contempt, signifying "lout ")

Huron, See also:

• ERIE

Erie and See also:

• ONTARIO
• ONTARIO, LAKE

Ontario, lying in the interior of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICA

America, between the Dominion of See also:

• CANADA

Canada on the north and the See also:

• UNITED

United States of America on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, and forming the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head-See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the St See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• SYSTEM

system, are collectively and generally known as " The See also:

• GREAT

Great Lakes." From the head of See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake Superior these lakes are navigable to See also:

• BUFFALO

Buffalo, at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of lake Erie, a distance of 1023 m., for vessels having a See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught of 20 ft.; from Buffalo to See also:

• KINGSTON
• KINGSTON, ELIZABETH, DUCHESS OF (1720-1788)
• KINGSTON, WILLIAM HENRY GILES (1814-188o)

Kingston, 191 M. farther, the draught is limited, by the See also:

• DEPTH

depth in the Welland See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal, to 14 ft.; lake Superior, the largest and most See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly of the lakes, empties, through the river St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary, 55 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, into lake Huron . From Point See also:

• IROQUOIS

Iroquois, which may be considered the foot of the lake, to Sault Ste See also:

• MARIE

Marie, St Mary's Falls, St Mary's Rapids or the Soo, as it is variously called, a distance of 14 m., there is a single channel, which has been dredged by the United States See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, at points which required deepening, to give a minimum width of 800 ft. and a depth of 23 ft. at mean See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage water . Below the Sault, the river, on its course to lake Huron, expands into several lakes, and is divided by islands into numerous contracted passages . There are two navigated channels; the older one, following the See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international boundary-See also:

• LINE

line by way of lake See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George,19z ft., the height varying as the lakes See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in level . The enormous growth of inter-lake See also:

• FREIGHT, (pronounced like " weight "; derived from the Dutch vracht or vrecht, in Fr. fret, the Eng. " fraught " being the same word, and formerly used for the same thing, but now only as an adjective= " laden ")

freight See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic has justified the construction of three See also:

• SEPARATE

separate locks, each overcoming the rapids by a single lift-two See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by side on the United States and one on the See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian side of the river . These locks, the largest in the See also:

• WORLD

world, are all open to Canadian and United States vessels alike, and are operated See also:

• FREE

free from all taxes or tolls on See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping . The Canadian See also:

• SHIP

ship canal, opened to traffic on the 9th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1895, was constructed through St Mary See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island, on the north side of the rapids, by the Canadian government, at a cost of $3,684,227, to facilitate traffic and to secure to Canadian vessels an entrance to lake Superior without entering United States territory . The canal is 5967 ft. long between the extremities of the entrance piers, has one See also:

• LOCK (from the O. Eng. loc.; the word appears, in different forms, in many Teutonic languages, but with such various meanings as " hole," Ger. Loch, " lid," Swed. lock, &c.; probably the original was a root meaning " to enclose ")
• LOCK, MATTHIAS

lock 900 ft. long and 6o ft. wide, with a depth on the sills at the lowest known water-level of 201 ft . The approaches to the canal are dredged to 18 ft. deep, and are well buoyed and lighted . On the United States side of the river the length of the canal is I m., the channel outside the locks having a width varying from Io8 to 600 ft. and depth of 25 ft . The locks of 1855 were closed in 1886, to give See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to the See also:

• POE, EDGAR ALLAN (18og-1849)

Poe lock .

The Weitzel lock, opened to See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation on the 1st of September 1881, was built south of the old locks, the approach being through the old canal . Its chamber is 515 ft. long between lock See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates, and 8o ft. wide, narrowing to 6o ft. at the gates . The length of the See also:

• MASONRY

masonry walls is 717 ft., height 392 ft., with 17 ft. over See also:

• MITRE (Lat. mitra, from Gr. j4rpa, a band, head-band, head-dress)

mitre sills at mean stage of water . The Poe lock, built because the Weitzel lock, large and fully equipped as it is, was insufficient for the rapidly growing traffic, was opened on the 3rd of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1896 . Its length between gates is 800 ft.; width See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo ft.; length of masonry walls Irmo ft.; height 431 to 45 ft., with 22 ft. on the mitre See also:

• SILL
• SILL (O.Eng. syl, Mid. E. sylle, selle; the word appears in Icel. syll, svill, Swed. syll, and Dan. syld, and in German, as Schwelle; Skeat refers to the Teutonic root swal-, swell, the word meaning the rise or swell formed by a beam at a threshold; the L
• SILL, EDWARD ROWLAND (1841-1887)

sill at mean stage . The See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure by the United States government on the canal, with its several locks, and on improving the channel through the river, aggregated fourteen million dollars up to the end of 1906.1 Plans were prepared in 1907 for a third United States lock with a separate canal approach . The canals are closed every See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, the See also:

• AVERAGE

average date of opening up to 1893 being the 1st of May, and of closing the 1st of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December . The pressure of business since that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, aided possibly by some slight See also:

• CLIMATIC

climatic modification, has extended the See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season, so that the average date of opening is now ten days earlier and of closing twelve days later . The earliest opening was in 1902 on the 1st of See also:

• APRIL

April, and the latest closing in 1904 on the loth of December . The table below gives the average yearly See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce for periods of five years, and serves to show the rapid increase in freight growth . Around the canals have grown up two thriving towns, one on the Michigan, the other on the Ontario side of the river, with manufactories driven by water-See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power derived from the Sault . Statement of the commerce through the several Sault Ste Marie canals, averaged for every five years.' Years .

Pass- Registered Passen- See also:

• COAL

Coal . See also:

• FLOUR

Flour . See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

Wheat . Other See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

Salt . See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

Iron Ore . See also:

• LUMBER

Lumber . See also:

• TOTAL

Total ages . See also:

• TONNAGE

Tonnage. See also:

• GERS

gers . See also:

• NET

Net Tons . Barrels . Bushels . Grains .

Merchan- Barrels . Net Tons . M. ft . Freight . dise . Bushels . Net Tons . B.M . Net Tons . 1855-18593 387 192,207 6,206 4,672 19,555 None . 34,612 2,249 1,248 27,206 320 55,797 1880-1884 4,457 2,267,166 34,607 463,431 681,726 5,435,601 936,346 81,966 107,225 867,999 79,144 2,184,731 1885-1889 7,908 4,901,105 29,434 1,398,441 1,838,325 18,438,085 1,213,815 74,447 175,725 2,497,403 197,605 5,441,297 1890-1894 11,965 9,912,589 24,609 2,678,805 5,764,766 34,875,971 1,738,706 87,540 231,178 4,939,909 510,482 10,627,349 1895-1899 18,352 18,451,447 40,289 3,270,842 8,319,699 57,227,269 23,349,134 164,426 282,156 10,728,075 832,968 19354,974 1900-1904 19,374 26,199,795 54,093 5,457,019 7,021,839 56,269,265 26,760,533 646,277 407,263 20,020,487 999,944 31,245,565 1906 alone 22,155 41,098,324 63,033 8,739,630 6,495,350 84,271,358 54,343,155 1,134,851 468,162 35,357,042 900,631 51,751,080 has a width of 150 to 300 ft., and a depth of 17 ft.; it is buoyed but not lighted, and is not capable of navigation by See also:

• MODERN

modern large freighters; the other, some 12 m. shorter, an artificial channel dredged by the United States government in their own territory, has a minimum width of 300 ft. and depth of 20 ft . It is elaborately lighted throughout its length .

A third channel, See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of all the islands, was designed for steamers See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound down, the older channel being reserved for upbound boats . Between lake Superior and lake Huron there is a fall of 20 ft. of which the Sault, in a distance of m., absorbs from 18 to The outlet of lake Michigan, the only lake of the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series lying wholly in United States territory, is at the Strait of Mackinac, near the point where the river St Mary reaches lake Huron . With lake Michigan are connected the See also:

• CHICAGO
• CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF

Chicago Sanitary and Ship canal, the See also:

• ILLINOIS

Illinois and Michigan, and the Illinois and See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi canals, for which see ILLINOIS . With lake Huron is always 1 Statistical See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report of lake commerce passing through canals . See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

Col . Chas . E . L . B . See also:

• DAVIS (or DAVYS), JOHN (1550 ?-16o5)
• DAVIS, ANDREW JACKSON (1826—1910)
• DAVIS, CHARLES HOWARD (1857- )
• DAVIS, CUSHMAN KELLOGG (1838-1900)
• DAVIS, HENRY WILLIAM BANKS (1833- )
• DAVIS, HENRY WINTER (1817-1865)
• DAVIS, JEFFERSON (1808–1889)
• DAVIS, THOMAS OSBORNE (1814–1845)

Davis, U.S.A., engineer in See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge, 1907 . 2 Statistical report of lake commerce passing through canals, published annually by the U.S. engineer officer in charge . 3 The first five years of operation .

included Georgian See also:

• BAY

Bay as well as the channel north of Manitoulin Island . As it is principally navigated as a connecting waterway between lakes Superior and Michigan and lake Erie it has no notable harbours on it . It empties into lake Erie through the river St Clair, lake St Clair and the river See also:

• DETROIT

Detroit . On these connecting waters are several important manufacturing and shipping towns, and through this See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain passes nearly all the traffic of the lakes, both that to and from lake Michigan ports, and also that of lake Superior . The tonnage of a single See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short season of navigation exceeds in the aggregate 6o,000,000 tons . Extensive dredging and See also:

• EMBANKMENT

embankment See also:

• WORKS

works have been carried on by the United States government in lake St Clair and the river Detroit, and a 20-ft. channel now exists, which is being constantly improved . Lake St Clair is nearly circular, 25 M. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter, with the north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east quadrant filled by the See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta of the river St Clair . It has a very See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat bottom with a general depth of only 21 ft., shoaling very gradually, usually to See also:

• REED
• REED, ANDREW (1787-1862)
• REED, ISAAC (1742—1807)
• REED, JOSEPH (1741—1785)
• REED, THOMAS BRACKETT (1839—1902)

reed beds that line the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low swampy shores . To enter the lake from river St Clair two channels have been provided, with retaining walls of cribwork, one for upward, the other for downward bound vessels . Much dredging has also been necessary at the outlet of the lake into river Detroit . A See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical point in that river is at Limekiln See also:

• CROSSING

crossing, a cut dredged through See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock above the Canadian See also:

• TOWN

town of Amherstburg . The normal depth here before improvement was 122-15 ft.; by a project of 1902 a channel 600 ft. wide and 21 ft. deep was planned; there are separate channels for up- and down-bound vessels .

To prevent vessels from crowding together in the cut, the Canadian government maintains a See also:

• PATROL, (Fr. patrouiller, connected with pane, foot)

patrol service here, while the United States government maintains a similar patrol in the St Mary channel . The See also:

• GRAND

Grand See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

Trunk railway opened in 1891 a single track See also:

• TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

tunnel under the river St Clair, from See also:

• SARNIA

Sarnia to See also:

• PORT

Port Huron . It is 6026 ft. long, a See also:

• CYLINDER (Gr. KvAwSpos, from KvXivaety, to roll)

cylinder 20 ft. in diameter, lined with See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast iron in flanged sections . A second tunnel was undertaken between Detroit and See also:

• WINDSOR
• WINDSOR (properly NEw WINDSOR)

Windsor, under the river Detroit . From Buffalo, at the foot of lake Erie, the river See also:

• NIAGARA
• NIAGARA, FORT

Niagara runs northwards 36 m. into lake Ontario . To overcome the difference of 327 ft. in level between lakes Erie and Ontario, the Welland canal, accommodating vessels of 255 ft. in length, with a draught of 14 ft., was built, and is maintained by Canada . The See also:

• MURRAY
• MURRAY (or MORAY), EARLS OF
• MURRAY (or MORAY), JAMES STUART, EARL OF (c. 1531-1570)
• MURRAY (or MORAY), SIR ROBERT (c. 1600-1673)
• MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART (1841-1904)
• MURRAY, DAVID (1849– )
• MURRAY, EUSTACE CLARE GRENVILLE (1824–1881)
• MURRAY, JAMES (c. 1719-1794)
• MURRAY, JOHN
• MURRAY, JOHN (1778–1820)
• MURRAY, LINDLEY (1745–1826)
• MURRAY, LORD GEORGE (1694–1760)
• MURRAY, SIR JAMES AUGUSTUS HENRY (1837– )
• MURRAY, SIR JOHN (1841– )

Murray canal extends from Presqu'ile Bay, on the north See also:

• SHORE

shore of lake Ontario, a distance of 62 m., to the headquarters of the Bay of Quinte . See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent canal is a See also:

• TERM

term applied to a series of water stretches in the interior of Ontario which are ultimately designed to connect lake Huron and lake Ontario . At Peterboro a See also:

• HYDRAULIC

hydraulic See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance-lock with a lift of 65 ft., 140 ft. in length and 33 ft. clear in width, allowing a draught of 8 ft., has been constructed . The See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary locks are 134 by 33 ft. with a draught of 6 ft . When the whole route of 200 M. is completed, there will not be more than 15 M. of actual canal, the remaining portion of the waterway being through lakes and See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers . For the Erie canal, between that lake and the See also:

• HUDSON
• HUDSON, GEORGE (180o-1871)
• HUDSON, HENRY
• HUDSON, JOHN (1662–1719)

Hudson river, see ERIE and NEW See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

YORK .

The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of the states and provinces bordering on the Great Lakes is estimated to be over 35,000,000 . In See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania and See also:

• OHIO

Ohio, south of lake Erie, there are large coal-See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields . Sur-rounding lake Michigan and west of lake Superior are vast See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain-growing plains, and the prairies of the Canadian north-west are rapidly increasing the See also:

• AREA

area and quantity of wheat grown; while both north and south of lake Superior are the most extensive iron mines in the world, from which 35 million tons of ore were shipped in 1906 . The natural See also:

• HIGHWAY

highway for the shipment of all these products is the Great .Lakes, and over them coal is distributed westwards and grain and iron ore are concentrated eastwards . The great quantity of coarse freights, that could only be profitably carried long distances by water, has revolutionized the type of See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel used for its transportation, making large steamers imperative, consolidating interests and cheapening methods . It is usual for the vessels in the grain See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade and in the iron-ore trade to make their up trips empty; but in consequence of the admirable facilities provided at terminal points, they make very fast time, and carry freight verycheaply . The cost of freight per ton-mile See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell from 23/100 cent in 1887 to 8/roo cent in 1898; since then the See also:

• RATE

rate has slightly risen, but keeps well below 1/10 cent per ton-mile . The traffic on the lakes may be divided into three classes, passenger, package freight and bulk freight . Of passenger boats the largest are 38o ft. long by 44 ft. See also:

• BEAM
• BEAM (from the O. Eng. beam, cf. Ger. Baum, a tree, to which sense may be referred the use of " beam " as meaning the rood or crucifix, and the survival in certain names of trees, as horn-beam)

beam, having a See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed of over 20 M. an See also:

• HOUR

hour, making the See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round trip between Buffalo and Chicago 1800 m., or Buffalo and See also:

• DULUTH

Duluth 2000 m., every See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week . They carry no freight . The Canadian Pacific railway runs a line of See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• TYNE

Tyne-built passenger and freight steamers between See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
• OWEN, JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] (c. 1560-1622)
• OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858)
• OWEN, SIR HUGH (1804-1881)
• OWEN, SIR RICHARD (1804–1892)

Owen See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

Sound and Fort See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William, and these two lines equal in See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation transatlantic passenger steamers . On lake Michigan many fine passenger boats run out of Chicago, and on lake Ontario there are several large and fast Canadian steamers on routes radiating from See also:

• TORONTO

Toronto .

The package freight business, that is, the transportation of goods in enclosed parcels, is principally See also:

• LOCAL

local; all the through business of this description is controlled by lines run by the great trunk See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways, and is done in boats limited in beam to 5o ft. to admit them through See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges over the rivers at Chicago and Buffalo . By far the greatest number of vessels on the lakes are bulk freighters, and the conditions of the service have See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed a See also:

• SPECIAL

special type of vessel . Originally sailing vessels were largely used, but these have practically disappeared, giving place to steamers, which have grown steadily in See also:

• SIZE

size with every increase in available ,draught . In 1894 there was no vessel on the lakes with a capacity of over 5000 tons; in 1906 there were 254 vessels of a greater capacity, 12 of them carrying over 12,000 tons each . For a few years following 1890 many large See also:

• BARGES

barges were built, carrying up to 8000 tons each, intended to be towed by a steamer . It was found, however, that the time lost by one See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat of the pair having to wait for the other made the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan unprofitable and no more were built . Following 1888 some 40 See also:

• WHALE

whale-back steamers and barges, having See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval See also:

• CROSS

cross-sections without frames or decks, were built, but experience failed to demonstrate any See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage in the type, and their construction has ceased . The modern bulk freighter is a vessel 600 ft. long, 58 ft. beam, capable of carrying 14,000 tons on 20 ft. draught, built with a midship See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section practically rectangular, the coefficient frequently as high as •98, with about two-thirds of the entire length absolutely straight, giving a See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block coefficient up to •87 . The triple-expansion machinery and boilers, designed to drive the boat at a speed of 12 M. an hour, are in the extreme stern, and the See also:

• PILOT

pilot See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house and quarters in the extreme See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow, leaving all the See also:

• CARGO (Span. for " loading," from Lat. carries, car)

cargo space together . Hatches are spaced at multiples of 12 ft. throughout the length and are made as wide as possible athwartships to facilitate loading and unloading . The vessels are built on girder frames and fitted with See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double bottoms for strength and water See also:

• BALLAST (O. Swed. barlast, perhaps from bar, bare or mere, and last, load)

ballast . This type of vessel can be loaded in a few minutes, and unloaded by self-filling grab buckets up to ten tons capacity, worked hydraulically, in six or eight See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours .

The bulk freight generally follows certain well-defined routes; iron ore is shipped east from ports on both sides of lake Superior and on the west side of lake Michigan to See also:

• RAIL

rail shipping points on the south shore of lake Erie . Wheat and other grains from Duluth find their way to Buffalo, as do wheat, See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn (See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize) and other grains from Chicago . Wheat from the Canadian north-west is distributed from Fort William and Port See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur to railway terminals on Georgian Bay, to Buffalo, and to Port Colborne for trans-shipment to canal barges for See also:

• MONTREAL

Montreal, and coal is distributed from lake Erie to all western points . The large shipping trade is assisted by both governments by a system of See also:

• AIDS

aids to navigation that See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark every channel and danger . There are also See also:

• LIFE

life-saving stations at all dangerous points . The Great Lakes never freeze over completely, but the harbours and often the connecting rivers are closed by See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice . The navigable season at the Sault is about 72 months; in lake Erie it is somewhat longer . The season of navigation has been slightly lengthened since 1905, by using powerful tugs as ice-breakers in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring and autumn, the Canadian government undertaking the service at Canadian terminal ports, chiefly at Fort William and Port Arthur, the most northerly ports, where the season is naturally shortest, and the Lake See also:

• CARRIERS

Carriers' Association, a federation of the freighting steamship owners, acting in the river St Mary . See also:

• CAR (Late Lat. carra)

Car ferries run through the winter across lake Michigan and the Strait of Mackinac, across the rivers St Clair and Detroit, and across the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of lakes Erie and Ontario . The largest of these steamers is 350 ft. long by 56 ft. wide, draught 14 ft., See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse power 3500, speed 13 knots . She carries on four tracks 30 freight cars, with 1350 tons of freight . Certain passenger steamers run on lake Michigan, from Chicago north, all the winter .

The level of the lakes varies gradually, and is affected by the general See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the season, and not by individual rainfalls . The See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations of level of the several lakes do not necessarily synchronize . There is an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual fluctuation of about 1 ft. in the upper lakes, and in some seasons over 2 ft. in the See also:

• LOWER

lower lakes; the lowest point being at the end of winter and the highest in midsummer . In lake Michigan the level has ranged from a maximum in the years 1859, 1876 and 1886, to a minimum nearly 5 ft. lower in 1896 . In lake Ontario there is a range of 51 ft. between the maximum of May 187o and the minimum of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1895 . In consequence of the shallowness of lake Erie, its level is seriously disturbed by a persistent See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm; a westerly See also:

• GALE
• GALE, THEOPHILUS (1628-1678)
• GALE, THOMAS (?1636-17o2)

gale lowers the water at its upper end exceptionally as much as 7 ft., seriously interfering with the navigation of the river Detroit, while an easterly gale produces a similar effect at Buffalo . (For physiographical details see articles on the several lakes, and UNITED STATES.) There is See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence to show that the whole See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the lakes has in See also:

• RECENT

recent geological times gradually changed in level, rising to the north and subsiding southwards; and it is claimed that the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement is still in See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual progress, the rate assigned being •42 ft. per loo m. per See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of the level of the Great Lakes is a See also:

• MATTER

matter of great importance to the large freight boats, which always load to the limit of depth at critical points in the dredged channels or in the harbours . Fears have been 'entertained that the water power canals at Sault Ste Marie, the drainage canal at Chicago and the dredged channel in the river Detroit will permanently lower the levels respectively of lake Superior and of the Michigan-Huron-Erie See also:

• GROUP

group . An international deep-waterway See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission exists for the See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of this question, and See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

engineers appointed by the United States government have worked on the problem.' Wing dams in the rivers St Mary and Niagara, to retard the discharges, have been proposed as remedial See also:

• MEASURES

measures . The Great Lakes are practically tideless, though some observers claim to find true tidal pulsations, said to amount to 3z in. at spring See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide at Chicago . Secondary undulations of a few minutes in See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, ranging from 1 to 4 in., are well marked .

The Great Lakes are well stocked with See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish of commercial value . These are largely gathered from the fishermen by See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam tenders, and taken fresh or in frozen See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition to railway distributing points . In lakes Superior and Huron See also:

• SALMON
• SALMON, GEORGE (1819-1904)

salmon-See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout (Salvelinus namaycush, Walb) are commercially most important . They ordinarily range from Io to 5o lb in See also:

• WEIGHT

weight, and are often larger . In Georgian Bay the catches of See also:

• WHITEFISH

whitefish (Coregonus clupeiformis, Mitchill) are enormous . In lake Erie whitefish, lesser whitefish, erroneously called lake-See also:

• HERRING (Clupea harengus, Haring in German, le hareng in French, sill in Swedish)

herring (C. See also:

• ARTEDI, PETER (17o5-1735)

artedi, Le Sueur), and See also:

• STURGEON (Acipenser)

sturgeon (Acipenser rubicundus, Le Sueur) are the most See also:

• COMMON

common . There is See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• ANGLING

angling at numerous points on the lakes and their feeders . The river See also:

• NIPIGON [NEEPIGON, OR NEPIGON]

Nipigon, on the north shore of lake Superior, is famous as a stream abounding in speckled trout (Salvelinus fontinalis, Mitchill) of unusual size . See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• BASS
• BASS (the same word as " base," and so pronounced, but influenced in spelling by the Ital. basso)

bass (Micropterus) are found from Georgian Bay to Montreal, and the maskinonge (Esox See also:

• NOBILIOR, MARCUS FULVIUS

nobilior, Le Sueur), plentiful in the same waters, is a very See also:

• GAME

game fish that often attains a weight of 70 lb . ' Report of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

Chief of Engineers, U.S . Army, in Report of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department, U S . 1898, p .

3776 . Lake Survey See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

Office (Detroit, Mich, 19o7): Annual reports of Canadian Department of Marine and See also:

• FISHERIES

Fisheries (See also:

• OTTAWA

Ottawa, 1868 seqq.) . (W . P .