See also:

• GREAT

GREAT See also:

• REBELLION

REBELLION (1642-52)  , a generic name for the See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WARS

wars in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, which began with the raising of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles I.'s See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard at See also:

• NOTTINGHAM
• NOTTINGHAM, CHARLES HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF1 (1536-1624)
• NOTTINGHAM, EARLS OF

Nottingham on the 22nd of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1642, and ended with the surrender of Dunottar See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle to the See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

Parliament's troops in May 1652 . It is usual to classify these wars into the First Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of 1642-46, and the Second Civil War of 1648-52 . During most of this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time another civil war was raging in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland . Its incidents had little or no connexion with those of the See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• REBELLION

Rebellion, but its results influenciNl the struggle in England to a considerable extent . 1 . First Civil Thar (1642-46).—It is impossible rightly to under-stand the events of this most See also:

• NATIONAL

national of all See also:

• ENGLISH

English wars without some knowledge of the See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive forces on both sides . On the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the king were enlisted the deep-seated See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty which was the result of two centuries of effective royal See also:

• PROTECTION

protection, the pure See also:

• CAVALIER
• CAVALIER, JEAN (1681-1740)

cavalier spirit foreshadowing the courtier era of Charles II., but still strongly tinged with the old feudal indiscipline, the militarism of an See also:

• EXPERT (Lat. expertus, from experiri, to try)

expert soldier See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility, well represented by See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• RUPERT (1352—1410)
• RUPERT (HRODBERT), ST
• RUPERT, PRINCE, COUNT PALATINE OF THE RHINE AND DUKE OF BAVARIA (1619—1682)

Rupert, and lastly a widespread distrust of extreme See also:

• PURITANISM (Lat. puritas, purity)

Puritanism, which appeared unreasonable to See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• FALKLAND
• FALKLAND, LUCIUS CARY

Falkland and other philosophic statesmen and intolerable to every other class of Royalists . The See also:

• FOOT

foot of the Royal armies was animated in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main by the first and last of these motives; in the eyes of the sturdy rustics who followed their, squires to the war the enemy were rebels and fanatics . To the See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry, which was composed largely of the higher social orders, the rebels were, in addition, See also:

• BOURGEOIS
• BOURGEOIS, LEON VICTOR AUGUSTE (1851– )

bourgeois, while the soldiers of See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune from the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German wars See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt all the See also:

• REGULAR

regular's contempt for See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen See also:

• MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

militia . Thus in the first episodes of the First Civil War moral superiority tended to be on the side of the king . On the other side, the causes of the See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel were primarily and apparently See also:

• POLITICAL

political, ultimately and really religious, and thus the elements of resistance in the Parliament and the nation were at first confused, and, later, strong and See also:

• DIRECT

direct . See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

Democracy, moderate republicanism and the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple See also:

• DESIRE

desire for constitutional guarantees could hardly make See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of themselves against the various forces of royalism, for the most moderate men of either party were sufficiently in sympathy to admit See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise .

But the backbone of resistance was the Puritan See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element, and this waging war at first with the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest on the political issue soon (as the Royalists anticipated) brought the religious issue to the front . The Presbyterian See also:

• SYSTEM

system, even more rigid than that of See also:

• LAUD (Lat. laws)
• LAUD, WILLIAM (1573-1645)

Laud and the bishops—whom no See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man on either side supported See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save Charles himself—was destined to be supplanted by the See also:

• INDEPENDENTS

Independents and their ideal of See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

conscience, but for a See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation before the war See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out it had disciplined and trained the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle classes of the nation (who furnished the bulk of the See also:

• REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry, and later of the cavalry also) to centre their whole will-See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power on the attainment of their ideals . The ideals changed during the struggle, but not the capacity for striving for them, and the men capable of the effort finally came to the front and imposed their ideals on the rest by the force of their trained See also:

• WILLS, WILLIAM GORMAN (1828-1891)

wills . Material force was throughout on the side of the See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

Parliamentary party . They controlled the See also:

• NAVY

navy, the See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army which was in See also:

• PROCESS

process of being organized for the Irish war, and nearly all• the See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial resources of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . They had the sympathies .of most of the large towns, where the trained bands, drilled once a See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month, provided cadres for new regiments . Further, by recognizing the inevitable, they gained a start in war preparations which they never lost . The earls of See also:

• WARWICK
• WARWICK, EARLS OF
• WARWICK, RICHARD BEAUCHAMP, EARL OF (1382—1439)
• WARWICK, RICHARD NEVILLE, EARL OF (1428—1471)
• WARWICK, SIR PHILIP (1609-1683)
• WARWICK, SIR ROBERT RICH, 2ND EARL OF (1587–1658)

Warwick, See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• ESSEX, KINGDOM OF
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

Essex and See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester and other nobles and gentry of their party possessed great See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and territorial See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . Charles, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, although he See also:

• RIVAL

rival of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity; and its resemblance to the new See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, however superficial, made it, in spite of the scandalous practices which See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up around it, a stepping-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone to Christianity when the See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide set in against paganism . AuTHORITIEs.—See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

Grant Showerman, " The Great See also:

• MOTHER

Mother of the Gods," Bulletin of the University of See also:

• WISCONSIN (known as " the Badger' state ")
• WISCONSIN, UNIVERSITY OF

Wisconsin, No . 43; See also:

• PHILOLOGY

Philology and Literature See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

Series, vol. i . No .

3 (See also:

• MADISON
• MADISON, JAMES (1751–1836)

Madison, 1901) ; See also:

• HUGO, GUSTAV VON (1764–1844)
• HUGO, VICTOR MARIE (1802-1885)

Hugo Hepding, See also:

• ATTIS

Attis, See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine Mythen and seine Kull (See also:

• GIESSEN

Giessen, 1903); Rapp, See also:

• ROSCHER, WILHELM GEORG FRIEDRICH (1817–1894)

Roscher's Ausfuhrliches See also:

• LEXICON

Lexicon der griechischen and romischen Mythologie s.v . " Kybele "; Drexler, ibid. s.v . " See also:

• METER, ELECTRIC

Meter." See See also:

• ROMAN

ROMAN RELIGION, See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

GREEK RELIGION, ATTIS, See also:

• CORYBANTES (Gr. Kopb(3avrer)

CORYBANTES; for the great " Hittite " portrayal of the Nature Goddess at See also:

• PTERIA (mod. Boghaz Keui)

Pteria, see PTERIA . (G . SN.)could, by means of the " See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press " and the lords-See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant, raise men without authority from Parliament, could not raise taxes to support them, and was dependent on the financial support of his See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief adherents, such as the earls of See also:

• NEWCASTLE
• NEWCASTLE, DUKES OF

Newcastle and See also:

• DERBY
• DERBY, EARLS OF

Derby . Both parties raised men when and where they could, each claiming that the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law was on its side—for England was already a law-abiding nation—and acting in virtue of legal See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments . These were, on the side of the Parliament, its own See also:

• RECENT

recent " Militia See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

Ordinance"; on that of the king, the old-fashioned "Commissions of See also:

• ARRAY (from the O. Fr. areyer, Med. Lat. arredare, to get ready)

Array." In See also:

• CORNWALL

Cornwall the Royalist See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader, See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• RALPH (d. 1122)

Ralph See also:

• HOPTON, RALPH HOPTON, BARON (1598-1652)

Hopton, indicted the enemy before the See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• JURY

jury of the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county as disturbers of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, and had the posse comitatus called out to expel them . The See also:

• LOCAL

local forces in fact were everywhere employed by whichever side could, by producing valid written authority, induce them to assemble . 2 . The Royalist and Parliamentarian Armies.—This See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread of local feeling and respect for the See also:

• LAWS

laws runs through the earlier operations of both sides almost irrespective of the main principles at stake . Many a promising See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme failed because of the reluctance of the militiamen to serve beyond the limits of their own county, and, as the offensive See also:

• LAY

lay with the king, his cause naturally suffered far more therefrom than that of the enemy . But the real spirit of the struggle was very different .

Anything which tended to prolong the struggle, or seemed like want of See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy and avoidance of a decision, was bitterly resented by the men of both sides, who had their See also:

• HEARTS

hearts in the quarrel and had not as yet learned by the severe See also:

• LESSON (through Fr. lecon from Lat. lectio, reading; legere, to read)

lesson of Edgehill that raw armies cannot bring wars to a speedy issue . In See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany the prolongation of a war meant continued employment for the soldiers, but in England " we never encamped or entrenched . . . or lay fenced with See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers or defiles . Here were no leaguers in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field, as at the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of See also:

• NUREMBERG (Ger. Nurnberg)

Nuremberg,' neither had our soldiers any tents or what they See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call heavy baggage . 'Twas the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• MAXIM, SIR HIRAM STEVENS (184o- )

maxim of the war—Where is the enemy ? Let us go and fight them . Or . . . if the enemy was coming . . . Why, what should be done ! Draw out into the See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields and fight them." This passage from the See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs of a Cavalier, ascribed to See also:

• DEFOE, DANIEL (c. 1.659—1731)

Defoe, though not contemporary See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence, is an admirable See also:

• SUMMARY

summary of the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the Civil War . Even when in the end a regular professional army is evolved—exactly as in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon's army—the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original decision-compelling spirit permeated the whole organization .

From the first the professional soldiers of fortune, be their See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good or See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad, are looked upon with suspicion, and nearly all those Englishmen who loved war for its own See also:

• SAKE

sake were too closely concerned for the welfare of their country to See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt the methods of the See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty Years' War in England . The formal organization of both armies was based on the See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model, which had become the See also:

• PATTERN

pattern of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe after the victories of Gustavus See also:

• ADOLPHUS, JOHN LEYCESTER (1795-1862)

Adolphus, and gave better See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope for the moral of the individual than the old-fashioned See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish and Dutch formations in which the man in the ranks was a highly finished See also:

• AUTOMATON (from aurOs,self, and uiw, to seize)

automaton . 3 . See also:

• CAMPAIGN

Campaign of 1642.—When the king raised his standard at Nottingham on the 22nd of August 1642, war was already in progress on a small See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale in many districts, each side endeavouring to secure, or to deny to the enemy, fortified country-houses, territory, and above all arms and See also:

• MONEY

money . Peace negotiations went on in the midst of these See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor events until there came from the Parliament an See also:

• ULTIMATUM (from Lat. ultimus, last)

ultimatum so aggressive as to See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix the warlike purpose of the still vacillating See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court at Nottingham, and, in the country at large, to convert many thousands of waverers to active Royalism . Ere See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long Charles—who had hitherto had less than 1500 men—was at the head of an army which, though very deficient in arms and equipment, was not greatly inferior in See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers or See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm to that of the Parliament . The latter (20,000 strong exclusive of detachments) was organized during See also:

• JULY

July, August and See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September about See also:

• LONDON

London, and moved thence to See also:

• NORTHAMPTON
• NORTHAMPTON, ASSIZE OF
• NORTHAMPTON, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Northampton under the command of See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert, See also:

• EARL

earl of Essex . At this moment the military situation was as follows . Lord See also:

• HERTFORD
• HERTFORD, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Hertford in See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, Sir Ralph Hopton in Cornwall, and the ' Gustavus Adolphus before the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of the Alte Veste (see 'THIRTY YEARS' WAR) . See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young earl of Derby in See also:

• LANCASHIRE

Lancashire, and small parties in almost every county of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west and the midlands, were in arms for the king . See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North of the See also:

• TEES

Tees, the earl of Newcastle, a great territorial See also:

• MAGNATE (Late Lat. magnas, a great man)

magnate, was raising troops and supplies for the king, while See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen Henrietta Maria was busy in See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland arranging for the importation of war material and money . In See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion was divided, the royal cause being strongest in See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York and the North See also:

• RIDING

Riding, that of the Parliamentary party in the clothing towns of the West Riding and also in the important seaport of See also:

• HULL
• HULL (in O.Eng. hulu, from helan, to cover, cf. Ger. Hiille, covering)
• HULL (officially KINGSTON-UPON-HULL)
• HULL, ISAAC (1775-1843)

Hull .

The Yorkshire gentry made an attempt to neutralize the county, but a local struggle soon began, and Newcastle thereupon prepared to invade Yorkshire . The whole of the south and See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east as well as parts of the midlands and the west and the important towns of See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol and See also:

• GLOUCESTER
• GLOUCESTER (abbreviated as pronounced Glo'ster)
• GLOUCESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• GLOUCESTER, GILBERT DE CLARE, EARL OF (1243-1295)
• GLOUCESTER, RICHARD DE CLARE, EARL OF (1222-1262)
• GLOUCESTER, ROBERT, EARL OF (d. 1147)
• GLOUCESTER, THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK, DUKE

Gloucester were on the side of the Parliament . A small Royalist force was compelled to evacuate See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford on the loth of September . On the 13th of September the main campaign opened . The king—in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to find recruits amongst his sympathizers and arms in the armouries of the See also:

• DERBYSHIRE

Derbyshire and See also:

• STAFFORDSHIRE

Staffordshire trained bands, and also to be in See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with his disciplined regiments in Ireland by way of See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester—moved westward to See also:

• SHREWSBURY
• SHREWSBURY, CHARLES TALBOT, DUKE OF (166o-1718)
• SHREWSBURY, DUKE
• SHREWSBURY, EARLS OF
• SHREWSBURY, ELIZABETH TALBOT, COUNTESS OF (1518–16o8)
• SHREWSBURY, JOHN TALBOT, 1ST EARL OF (d. 1453)

Shrewsbury, Essex following suit by marching from Northampton to See also:

• WORCESTER
• WORCESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• WORCESTER, JOHN TIPTOFT, EARL OF (1427—1470)
• WORCESTER, WILLIAM (c. 1415-c. 1482)

Worcester . Near the last-named See also:

• TOWN

town a See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp cavalry engagement (Powick See also:

• BRIDGE

Bridge) took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place on the 23rd between the advanced cavalry of Essex's army and a force under Prince Rupert which was engaged in protecting the retirement of the Oxford detachment . The result of the fight was the instantaneous overthrow of the rebel cavalry, and this gave the Royalist troopers a confidence in themselves and in their brilliant leader which was not destined to be shaken until they met See also:

• CROMWELL, HENRY (1628-1674)
• CROMWELL, OLIVER (1599-1658)
• CROMWELL, RICHARD (1626–1712)
• CROMWELL, THOMAS, EARL OF

Cromwell's See also:

• IRONSIDES

Ironsides . Rupert soon withdrew to Shrewsbury, where he found many Royalist See also:

• OFFICERS

officers eager to attack Essex's new position at Worcester . But the road to London now lay open and it was decided to take it . The intention was not to avoid a battle, for the Royalist generals desired to fight Essex before he grew too strong, and the See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper of both sides made it impossible to postpone the decision; in See also:

• CLARENDON, CONSTITUTIONS OF
• CLARENDON, EDWARD HYDE, 1ST EARL OF (1609-1674)
• CLARENDON, GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK VILLIERS, 4TH EARL OF (in the Villiers line) (1800-r87o)
• CLARENDON, HENRY HYDE

Clarendon's words, " it was considered more counsellable to See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march towards London, it being morally sure that the earl of Essex would put himself in their way," and accordingly the army See also:

• LEFT

left Shrewsbury on the 12th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October, gaining two days' start of the enemy, and moved south-east via See also:

• BRIDGNORTH

Bridgnorth, See also:

• BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham and See also:

• KENILWORTH

Kenilworth . This had the desired effect . Parliament, alarmed for its own safety, sent repeated orders to Essex to find the king and bring him to battle .

Alarm gave place to determination when it was discovered that Charles was enlisting papists and seeking See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign aid . The militia of the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home counties was called out, a second army under the earl of Warwick was formed See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the nucleus of the London trained bands, and Essex, straining every See also:

• NERVE (Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, a bowstring)

nerve to regain touch with the enemy, reached Kineton, where he was only 7 M. from the king's headquarters at Edgecote, on the 22nd . 4 . Battle of Edgehill.—Ru pert promptly reported the enemy's presence, and his confidence dominated the irresolution of the king and the caution of Lord See also:

• LINDSEY, THEOPHILUS (1723—1808)

Lindsey, the nominal commanderin-chief . Both sides had marched widely dispersed in order to live, and the rapidity with which, having the clearer purpose, the Royalists See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew together helped considerably to neutralize Essex's See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior numbers . During the See also:

• MORNING

morning of the 23rd the Royalists formed in battle order on the brow of Edgehill facing towards Kineton . Essex, experienced soldier as he was, had distrusted his own raw army too much to force a decision earlier in the month, when the king was weak; he now found Charles in a strong position with an equal force to his own 14,000, and some of his regiments were still some See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles distant . But he advanced beyond Kineton, and the enemy promptly . left their strong position and came down to the foot of the See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill, for, situated as they were, they had either to fight wherever they could induce the enemy to engage, or to starve in the midst of hostile garrisons . Rupert was on the right of the king's army with the greater See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse, Lord Lindsey and Sir See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob See also:

• ASTLEY, JACOB ASTLEY, BARON (1579-1652)
• ASTLEY, SIR JOHN DIIGDALB

Astley in the centre with the foot, Lord See also:

• WILMOT
• WILMOT, DAVID (1814-1868)

Wilmot (with whom rode the earl of Forth, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal military adviser of the king) with a smaller See also:

• BODY

body of cavalry on the left . In See also:

• REAR

rear of the centre were the king and a small reserve . Essex's order was similar . Rupert charged as soon as his wing was deployed, and before the infantry of either side was ready .

Taking ground to his right front and then See also:

• WHEELING

wheeling inwards at full See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed he instantly rode down the Parliamentary horse opposed, to him . Some infantry regiments of Essex's left centre shared the same See also:

• FATE

fate as their cavalry . On the other wing Forth and Wilmot likewise swept away all that they could see of the enemy's cavalry, and the undisciplined Royalists of both wings pursued the fugitives in See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild disorder up to Kineton, where they were severely handled by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• HAMPDEN, HENRY BOUVERIE WILLIAM BRAND, 1ST
• HAMPDEN, JOHN (c. 1595-1643)
• HAMPDEN, RENN DICKSON (1793-1868)

Hampden's infantry See also:

• BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade (which was escorting the See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery and baggage of Essex's army) . Rupert brought back only a few rallied squadrons to the battlefield, and in the meantime affairs there had gone badly for the king . The right and centre of the Parliamentary foot (the left having been brought to a See also:

• HALT

halt by Rupert's See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge) advanced with great See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution, and being at least as ardent as, and much better armed than, Lindsey's men, engaged them fiercely and slowly gained ground . Only the best regiments en either side, however, maintained their order, and the decision of the infantry battle was achieved mainly by a few Parliamentary squadrons . One See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment of Essex's rightwing onlyhad been the See also:

• TARGET
• TARGET, GUI JEAN BAPTISTE (1733-1807)

target of Wilmot's charge, the other two had been at the moment invisible, and, as every Royalist See also:

• TROOP (an adaptation of Fr. troupe, O. Fr. trope; cf. Ital. troppa, troppa; Med. Lat. truppus; the origin is doubtful; suggestions have been made that it represents a German conception of Latin turba, crowd, or is an adaptation of Norw. tarp, flock)

troop on the ground, even the king's See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

guards, had joined in the mad ride to Kineton, these, Essex's See also:

• LIFE

life-guard, and some troops that had rallied from the effect of Rupert's charge—amongst them See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• OLIVER, ISAAC (c. 1566--1617)
• OLIVER, PETER (1594-1648)

Oliver Cromwell's—were the only cavalry still See also:

• PRESENT

present . All these joined with decisive effect in the attack on the left of the royal infantry . The king's See also:

• LINE

line was steadily rolled up from left to right, the Parliamentary troopers captured his guns and regiment after regiment broke up . Charles himself stood calmly in the thick of the fight, but he had not the skill to direct it . The royal standard was taken and retaken, Lindsey and Sir See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund See also:

• VERNEY

Verney, the standard-See also:

• BEARER

bearer, being killed . By the time that Rupert returned both sides were incapable of further effort and disillusioned as to the prospect of ending the war at a See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow .

On the 24th Essex retired, leaving Charles to claim the victory and to reap its results . See also:

• BANBURY

Banbury and Oxford were reoccupied by the Royalists, and by the 28th Charles was marching down the See also:

• THAMES

Thames valley on London . Negotiations were reopened, and a peace party rapidly formed itself in London and See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster . Yet field fortifications sprang up around London, and when Rupert stormed and sacked See also:

• BRENTFORD

Brentford on the 12th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November the trained bands moved out at once and took up a position at Turnham See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green, barring the king's advance . Hampden, with something of the See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire and energy of his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin Cromwell, urged Essex to turn both flanks of the Royal army via See also:

• ACTON
• ACTON (JOHN EMERICH EDWARD DALBERG ACTON), 1ST BARON (1834—1902)
• ACTON, SIR JOHN FRANCIS EDWARD, BART

Acton and See also:

• KINGSTON
• KINGSTON, ELIZABETH, DUCHESS OF (1720-1788)
• KINGSTON, WILLIAM HENRY GILES (1814-188o)

Kingston, but experienced professional soldiers urged him not to See also:

• TRUST

trust the London men to hold their ground while the rest manoeuvred . Hampden's advice was undoubtedly premature . A See also:

• SEDAN

Sedan or Worcester was not within the power of the Parliamentarians of 1642, for, in Napoleon's words; " one only manoeuvres around a fixed point," and the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city levies at that time were certainly not, vis-a-vis Rupert's cavalry, a fixed point . As a See also:

• MATTER

matter of fact, after a slight cannonade at Turnham Green on the 13th, Essex's two-to-one numerical superiority of itself compelled the king to retire to See also:

• READING

Reading . Turnham Green has justly been called the Valmy of the English Civil War . Like Valmy, without being a battle, it was a victory, and the tide of invasion came thus far, ebbed, and never returned 5 . The See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

Winter of 1642-43.—In the winter, while Essex lay inactive at See also:

• WINDSOR
• WINDSOR (properly NEw WINDSOR)

Windsor, Charles by degrees consolidated his position in the region of Oxford . The city was fortified as a reduit for the whole See also:

• AREA

area, and Reading, See also:

• WALLINGFORD

Wallingford, See also:

• ABINGDON

Abingdon, See also:

• BRILL

Brill, Banbury and See also:

• MARLBOROUGH
• MARLBOROUGH, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• MARLBOROUGH, JOHN CHURCHILL, 1ST DUKE OF (1650-1722)

Marlborough constituted a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete defensive See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring which was See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed by the creation of smaller posts from time to time .

In the north and west, winter See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns were actively carried on . " It is summer in Yorkshire, summer in See also:

• DEVON, EARLS OF

Devon, and See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold winter at Windsor," said one of Essex's critics . At the beginning of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December Newcastle crossed the Tees, defeated See also:

• HOTHAM, SIR JOHN (d. 1645)
• HOTHAM, WILLIAM HOTHAM, 1ST BARON (1736-1813)

Hotham, the Parliamentary See also:

• COMMANDER

commander in the North Riding, then joining hands with the hard-pressed Royalists at York, established himself between that city and See also:

• PONTEFRACT (pronounced and sometimes written " Pomfret ")

Pontefract . Lord See also:

• FAIRFAX, EDWARD (c. 1580-1635)

Fairfax and his son Sir See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas, who commanded for the Parliament in Yorkshire, had to retire to the See also:

• DISTRICT

district between Hull and See also:

• SELBY
• SELBY, WILLIAM COURT GULLY

Selby, and Newcastle was free to turn his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the Puritan " clothing towns " of the West Riding—See also:

• LEEDS
• LEEDS, THOMAS OSBORNE

Leeds, See also:

• HALIFAX
• HALIFAX, CHARLES MONTAGUE, EARL OF (1661–1715)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE MONTAGU DUNK, 2ND EARL OF (1716-1771)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE SAVILE, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1633-1695)

Halifax and See also:

• BRADFORD
• BRADFORD, JOHN (1510?—1555)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1590—1657)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1663—1752)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1827—1892)

Bradford . The townsmen, however, showed a determined front, the younger Fairfax with a picked body of cavalry rode through Newcastle's lines into the West Riding to help them, and about the end of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1643 the earl gave up the attempt to reduce the towns . He continued his march southward, however, and gained ground for the king as far as See also:

• NEWARK
• NEWARK (NEWARK-UPON-TRENT)
• NEWARK, DAVID LESLIE, LORD (1601-1682)

Newark, so as to be in touch with the Royalists of Nottingham-See also:

• SHIRE

shire, Derbyshire and See also:

• LEICESTERSHIRE

Leicestershire (who, especially about Newark and See also:

• ASHBY, TURNER (1824-1862)

Ashby-de-la-See also:

• ZOUCH, RICHARD (c. 159o-1661)

Zouch, were strong enough to neutralize the local forces of the Parliament), and to prepare the way for the further advance of the army of the north when the queen's See also:

• CONVOY