Online Encyclopedia

half of what he had received . To what had previously been called didrachms he gave the name of tetradrachms, by which they have since been known . An obol bearing the name of Hippias himself, and types similar to those of Athens, was probably issued by him during his See also:

EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile . From the time of the Persian See also:

WARS

wars the See also:

HELMET (from an obsolete diminutive of O. Fr. helme, mod. heaume; the English word is " helm," as in O. Eng., Dutch and Ger.; all are from the Teutonic base hal-, pre-Teut. kal-, to cover; cf. Lat. celare, to hide, Eng. " hell," &c.)

helmet of Athena is adorned with three olive-leaves . A rare decadrachm corresponds at Athens to the Demareteia at See also:

Syracuse, and was probably issued for similar reasons in See also:

COMMEMORATION

commemoration of victory over the barbarians . Otherwise See also:

HISTORICAL

historical events seem to have See also:

LEFT

left little See also:

RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record in the coinage and the Athenians deliberately affected archaism in the style of their coins, which See also:

bear no See also:

mark of the splendour of Athens as the centre of the sculptor's See also:

art . No doubt commercial reasons dictated this conservative policy, which makes the coinage of Athens a disappointment in See also:

numismatics . Her money was See also:

PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious for its purity not only in the Greek See also:

WORLD

world but among distant barbarians, so that imitations reach us from the See also:

PUNJAB

Punjab and from See also:

SOUTHERN

southern See also:

ARABIA

Arabia, and any change would have injured its wide reception . There are many divisions of See also:

SILVER

silver coinage with the types a little varied, and some different ones; and towards the end of the 5th century (probably in 407 B.C.) See also:

gold and bronze were introduced . The gold, of good quality and See also:

BAD, BCD

bad style, was never plentiful . The Macedonian See also:

EMPIRE

empire put an end to the See also:

AUTONOMY (Gr. abr6s, self, and v6pos, law)

autonomy of Athens, and when the money is again issued it is of a wholly new style and the types are modified . The great series of spread tetradrachms may be dated from about 229 B.C., and lasted probably until the time of See also:

AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus .

The obverse type is a head of Athena with a richly-adorned helmet, unquestionably borrowed from the famous statue by See also:

PHEIDIAS

Pheidias in See also:

ivory and goid, but a poor See also:

SHADOW (0. Eng. Schadewe, sceadu; a form of " shade "; connected with Gr. 6-Ore's, darkness)

shadow of that splendid See also:

ORIGINAL

original, and an owl on an amphora within an olive-See also:

WREATH (O. Eng. wry, from wriian, to twist)

wreath . The earliest coins S83 have the monograms of two magistrates, the later the names of two who are See also:

ANNUAL

annual (although the nature of their offices is not certain—possibly they were Xarovp-ylat), and, during the period 146–86, a third name, of the treasurer of the prytany in which the See also:

coin was issued . Among the names are those of See also:

ANTIOCHUS

Antiochus (175 B.C.), afterwards Antiochus IV. of See also:

SYRIA

Syria, and of See also:

MITHRADATES

Mithradates the Great (Pl . II. fig . 1) and his creature, Aristion (87–86 B.C.); but comparatively few of the coins can be dated exactly . Mithradates issued the only gold staters in this series . The symbols in the See also:

field often represent See also:

LOCAL

local statues of great See also:

INTEREST

interest . The abundance of this money shows the great commercial importance of Athens in these later times . Under the empire Athens issued only quasi-autonomous coins, but these are of great archaeological value as they bear representations of the See also:

ACROPOLIS (Gr. aKpos, top, a6)Xts, city)

Acropolis, with the grotto of See also:

Pan, the statue of See also:

PALLAS, PETER SIMON (1741–1811)

Pallas Promachus, the See also:

PARTHENON (HapOevwv)

Parthenon, and the See also:

PROPYLAEA (Ilp6sruXov, 1pol- mala)

Propylaea, with the steps leading up to the latter; of the See also:

THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre of Dionysus, above which are caverns in the See also:

rock, and higher still the Parthenon and the Propylaea; and of various statues and See also:

groups of See also:

sculpture . See also:

MEGARA

Megara and other places in Megaris issued a small but interesting coinage . The money of the island of See also:

Aegina is of especial interest since with it coinage originated, so far as Greece proper is concerned, probably fairly See also:

early in the 7th century B.C . There Aegina is no good See also:

EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence for connecting the institution of the coinage with See also:

PHEIDON (8th or 7th century B.C.)

Pheidon, See also:

king of See also:

ARGOS

Argos, who established a See also:

SYSTEM

system of See also:

MEASURES

measures and weights, known as the Pheidonian .

The weight of the coins is of course on the Aeginetic standard . The See also:

OLDEST

oldest pieces are very See also:

PRIMITIVE

primitive didrachms, bearing on the obverse a See also:

sea-See also:

TORTOISE

tortoise and on the reverse a See also:

RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude incuse See also:

STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp (Pl . II. fig . 2) . Afterwards the stamp becomes less rude, and later has a See also:

PECULIAR

peculiar shape . The sea-tortoise is also replaced by a See also:

LAND

land-tortoise . There are some coins of the early part of the fine period of excellent See also:

WORK

work . The great currency was of didrachms . The bronze coins are not remarkable, but some appear to be of an earlier time than most Greek pieces in this See also:

metal . The series of See also:

ACHAEA

Achaea begins under the Achaean League in the time of Epaminondas, with a fine Aeginetic stater and smaller coins in the name of the See also:

ACHAEANS ('AXaioi, Lat. Achivi)

Achaeans . The later silver coins are either Attic tetrobols or Aeginetic nchaeta hemidrachms . On all but the earliest, i.e. after about 28o B.C., monograms or symbols indicate the cities which were members of the league; on the later bronze coins the names are given in full .

The type of the silver is the head of Zeus Homagyrius, the reverse bearing the See also:

MONOGRAM (from Late Lat. monogramma, in Late Gr. µovoypaµµov, from µovos, single, ypaµµa, letter)

monogram of the Achaeans in a See also:

LAUREL

laurel-wreath . The oldest bronze repeats the silver types; the later bear a See also:

STANDING

standing Zeus and a seated See also:

DEMETER

Demeter, with the name of the city at full length . About See also:

FORTY

forty-five cities are represented by this coinage . See also:

Corinth is represented by a very large series of coins, the weight of which is always on the Corinthian standard, See also:

EQUIVALENT

equivalent to Attic but differently divided,—the Corinthian tridrachm, the Corinth. chief coin, corresponding to the Attic didrachm . The oldest pieces, of the 6th century B.C . (some perhaps even earlier), bear on the obverse See also:

PEGASUS (from Gr. lrgyor, compact, strong)

Pegasus with the See also:

LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter Q, koppa, the initial of the name of Corinth, and on the reverse an incuse See also:

PATTERN

pattern . In course of time (about 50o B.c.) the head of Athena in an incuse square occupies the reverse . The incuse square disappears, as generally elsewhere, in the early period of fine art . Of the See also:

AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of the excellence and decline of art we find beautiful work, though generally wanting in the severity of the highest Greek art (Pl . II. fig . 3) . Pegasus is ordinarily seen galloping, but some-times standing or drinking, the koppa is usually retained, and the helmet of Athena, always Corinthian, is sometimes See also:

BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound with an olive-wreath .

The smaller coins have the same reverse, but on the obverse a charming series of types, principally See also:

FEMALE

female heads, mostly representing See also:

APHRODITE

Aphrodite . There are some drachms with See also:

BELLEROPHON, or BELLEROPHONTES

Bellerophon in a combatant attitude mounted on Pegasus on the one See also:

side and the See also:

CHIMAERA

Chimaera on the other . The autonomous bronze money is poor, but often of See also:

FAIR

fair work, and interesting, especially when the type relates to the myth of Bellerophon . In 46 B.C. this city was made a colonia; and we have a large and interesting series of the bronze coins struck by it as such, including the remarkable type of the See also:

TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of Lais . The coins of the " colonies " of Corinth See also:

FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

long and important series, struck by Acarnanian towns with Corcyra, and in the See also:

west by See also:

LOCRI

Locri Epizephyrii in See also:

Italy and Syracuse . Some of these cities were not strictly colonies of Corinth, but the Pegasus staters struck by them form a homogeneous See also:

GROUP

group . They range from the time of See also:

DION

Dion (357 B.c.) to nearly the end of the 3rd century . The coins are distinguished by the See also:

ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of the koppa, and bear the names or monograms of the cities . There are bronze coins of Patrae as an important See also:

ROMAN

Roman colonia, and silver and bronze money of Phlius, both of the period of good Patrae, art . The coinage of See also:

SICYON, or SECYON (the latter being the older form used by the natives)

Sicyon, on the Aeginetic standard Pat rac Bc dominant in the See also:

REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the See also:

PELOPONNESUS (" Island of Pelops ")

Peloponnesus, is disappoint- , See also:

ing for a famous See also:

ARTISTIC

artistic centre . It begins shortly before the period of fine art; in that age the silver is abundant and well executed, but the leading types, the Chimaera and the flying See also:

dove within an olive-wreath, are wearying in their repetition, and good work could not make the Chimaera an agreeable subject . Small coins with types of See also:

APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo are the only subjects which suggest the designs of the great school of Sicyon .

The money of the Eleans is inferior to none in the Greek world in its art, which reaches the highest level of dignified See also:

RESTRAINT (from " to restrain," Lat. restringere, to hold back, prevent)

restraint, and in the See also:

Elis . variety of its types, which are suggested by a few subjects . The leading types are connected, as we might expect, with the See also:

WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of Zeus and See also:

HERA

Hera and Victory, the divinities of the great Panhellenic contest at See also:

OLYMPIA

Olympia, and the coinage is rather the money of Olympia than of the Eleans as a civic community . The prevalent representations are the See also:

EAGLE (Fr. aigle, from the Lat. aquila)

eagle and the winged thunderbolt of Zeus, the head of Hera and the figure of Victory . The series begins early in the 5th century B.C. with coins, some of which are didrachms (Aeginetic), having as subjects an eagle carrying a See also:

SERPENT (Lat. serpens, creeping, from serpere; cf. "reptile " from repere, Gr.4 ml-eta)

serpent or a See also:

hare, and on the reverse a thunderbolt or Victory bearing a wreath—archaic types which in their vigour promise the excellence of later days . From 471 to 421 B.C., while Elis was allied with the Spartans, such types continue; the eagle and Victory (sometimes seated) are both treated with great force and beauty, and the subject of seated Zeus is remarkable for its dignity . The Argive See also:

ALLIANCE

alliance (421–400 B.C.) seems marked by the pre-See also:

EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence given to Hera, whose head may suggest the famous statue of Polycleitus at Argos . About the same time was issued a didrachm with a See also:

NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble head of Zeus (Pl . II. fig . 4), which probably recalls, though it is not a copy of, the Zeus of Pheidias . This alliance broken, the old types recur . Magnificent eagles, some admirably designed on a See also:

shield, and eagles' heads (see Pl .

II. fig . 5), the seated Victory, and fantastically varied thunderbolts mark this age . Among the artists' signatures at this time is AA, which may represent the sculptor See also:

DAEDALUS

Daedalus of Sicyon . In 364 B.C. the coinage is interrupted for a See also:

YEAR

year, the Pisatans, who conducted the festival then, issuing small gold coins; these are immediately followed by Elean money with the heads of Zeus and the nymph Olympia . Aristotimus, who was See also:

TYRANT (Gr. r6pavvos, master, ruler)

tyrant in 272 B.C., issued coins with his See also:

INITIALS (Lat. initialis, of or belonging to a beginning, initium)

initials . The coinage closes with imperial money, some types of which have a local interest, notably two of See also:

HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian bearing the head and figure of Zeus, copied from the famous statue by Pheidias . Cephallenia gives us the early silver coins of Cranii, the money of See also:

PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

Pale, of charming style, with the figure of Cephalus on the reverse, Cephal- and that of Same, all cities of this island . Of the island of len/a, etc Zacynthus there are silver pieces, usually of rather coarse work, but sometimes of the style of the best Cephallenian money . Some struck in 357 bear the name of Dion of Syracuse, who collected the forces for his expedition in this island . The coins of See also:

Ithaca are of bronze . They are of interest on See also:

account of their See also:

COMMON

common obverse type, which is a head of See also:

ODYSSEUS (in Latin Ulixes, incorrectly written Ulysses)

Odysseus . Returning to the mainland, we first notice the money of See also:

MESSENE

Messene, or the Messenians .

The earliest coin is a splendid Aeginetic didrachm, Messene. having on the obverse a head of Persephone, and excels in See also:

DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design the"similar subjects on the money of Syracuse, from which it must have been copied, for it is of about the time of Epaminondas . It shows the purer style of Greece, which, copying Syracusan work, raised its See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . On the reverse is a figure of Zeus, inspired by the work of Hageladas . The other silver coins are of about the period of the Achaean League . The bronze money is plentiful, but See also:

Laconia. not interesting . See also:

LACEDAEMON

Lacedaemon, as we might have expected, has no early coins, the silver money being mostly of the age of the Achaean League, but the King Areus (309–265 B.C.) and the tyrant Nabis (207–192 B.C.) are represented by Attic tetra-drachms . On a tetradrachm of the time of the former is a figure of the Apollo of Amyclae . Among the types of the autonomous bronze pieces may be noticed the head of the Spartan lawgiver See also:

Lycurgus, with his name . The series of Argos in Argolis begins early in the Argolis . 5th century . The standard is Aeginetic . The first pieces are the drachm and smaller denominations with a See also:

wolf, half-wolf or wolf's head on the obverse, and A on the reverse .

A rare See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron coin was issued with these types . At the end of the 5th century begin the didrachms, which have for the obverse type the head of the Polycleitan Hera—a design which is not equal to that of the coins of Elis, the style being either careless or not so See also:

SIMPLE

simple . The reversetype of the drachm represents See also:

DIOMEDES

Diomedes stealthily advancing with the See also:

palladium in his left See also:

hand and a short See also:

SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword in his right . A 4th-century drachm of See also:

EPIDAURUS

Epidaurus represents the famous seated figure of Asclepius by See also:

THRASYMEDES

Thrasymedes of See also:

PAROS, or PARO

Paros . Of the money of See also:

ARCADIA

Arcadia some pieces are doubtless among the most See also:

ancient struck by the Greeks; and the types of these and later coins are often connected with the remarkable myths of Arcadia. this primeval part of Hellas, showing particularly the remains of its old nature-worship . The first series to be noticed is that of the Arcadian League; it begins about 50o B.C. with hemidrachms having the type of Zeus See also:

LYCAEUS (Mons Lycaeus, Airxawv opos: mod. Diaphorti)

Lycaeus seated, the eagle represented as if flying from his hand, and a female head . Of a later time, from the age of Epaminondas, there are very fine coins (issued from See also:

MEGALOPOLIS

Megalopolis) with the head of Zeus, and Pan seated . The coins of Heraea begin deep in the 6th century B.C . The earliest have for obverse type the veiled head of Hera, and on the reverse the beginning of the name of the See also:

TOWN

town . The silver coins of Mantinea (beginning early in the 5th century) have on the obverse a bear, representing See also:

CALLISTO

Callisto, the See also:

MOTHER

mother of Arcas, who was worshipped here, and on the reverse the letters MA, or three acorns, in an incuse square . Later coins, especially the bronze, have subjects connected with the worship of Poseidon at this inland town . The silver coins of Pheneus must be noticed as being of fine work .

The didrachms of the age of Epaminondas have a head of Persephone, and See also:

Hermes carrying the See also:

child Arcas . The obverse type is interesting as a copy of the Syracusan subject, as in Locris and Messene . As in Locris, the merit is in the greater force and simplicity of the See also:

FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face, here most successful, the See also:

HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair being treated more after the Syracusan manner than after that of the Messenians, who simplified the whole subject . The finest coin attributed to Stymphalus is a magnificent didrachm of the age of Epaminondas, with a head of the local See also:

ARTEMIS

Artemis See also:

LAUREATE (Lat. laureatus, from laurea, the laurel tree)

laureate, and Heracles striking with his See also:

CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club . The smaller silver coins have on the one side a head of Heracles and on the other the head and See also:

NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck of a Stymphalian See also:

BIRD

bird . There were representations of these birds in the See also:

temple of Artemis . The series of See also:

TEGEA

Tegea is not important, but two of the reverse types of its bronze coins are interesting as See also:

RELATING

relating to the myth of Telephus and to the See also:

story that Athena gave a See also:

jar containing the hair of See also:

MEDUSA

Medusa to her priestess Sterope, daughter of See also:

CEPHEUS

Cepheus, in See also:

order that she might terrify the Argives should they attack Tegea in the absence of Cepheus, when Heracles desired his aid in an expedition against See also:

SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta . Iron coins were issued by Tegea, and also perhaps by Heraea . The peculiar position of See also:

CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete and her long See also:

ISOLATION

isolation from the See also:

POLITICAL

political, artistic and See also:

LITERARY

literary movements of Hellas have been already touched on . It is not until the age of Crete . See also:

Philip V. that Crete appears in the field of See also:

HISTORY

history, and then only as the battle-ground of See also:

RIVAL

rival See also:

POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers . The most remarkable influence of this age was when Athens, by the See also:

DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy of Cephisodorus, succeeded about 200 B.C. in See also:

DRAWING

drawing the Cretans into a great league against Philip V. of Macedon .

That this project took actual shape is proved by the issue at all the chief mints of the island of tetradrachms with the well-known types of Athens, to be distinguished from the Atticizing types of other cities at this time . The oldest coins are probably of about 500 B.C., but few cities seem to have issued many until a See also:

HUNDRED

hundred years later . Then there is a great outburst of coinage, sometimes beautiful, some-times barbarously careless, which lasts until the age of See also:

Alexander, when the local currency was probably in great part replaced by Alexandrine coins . At the end of the 3rd century the local coinages are revived until the Roman See also:

CONQUEST

conquest (67 or 66 B.C.) . The chief issue is of silver; bronze is less abundant; and gold is all but unknown . The Cretan types have a markedly local character, yet they copy in some instances other coinages . The chief divinities on the pieces are Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Heracles and See also:

BRITOMARTIS

Britomartis, and the leading myths are those of See also:

MINOS

Minos, the story of the See also:

MINOTAUR (Gr. Mcvcn -avpos, from Mews, and Taps, bull)

Minotaur and the See also:

LABYRINTH (Gr. Xa(3vpcvOos, Lat. labyrinthus)

labyrinth being prominent, and also that of See also:

EUROPA (or rather, EUROPE)

Europa . There is frequent reference to nature-worship as in See also:

SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, yet with a distinctive preference for trees, the forms of which, however, lend themselves readily to the See also:

FREE

free See also:

REPRESENTATION

representation of Cretan art, which may in part explain their prominence . The peculiarity of Cretan art lies in its See also:

REALISM (from Low Lat. realis, appertaining to res, things, as opposed to ideas and imaginations)

realism . At some places, as See also:

APTERA (Greek for " wingless ")

Aptera, Polyrrhenium and Cydonia, we find engravers' signatures . The weight is at first Aeginetic of reduced form; and in the resumption of the coinage after Alexander's time it is Attic . Of the island in general there are Roman silver and bronze coins of the earlier emperors, some of which are of fine work for the period .

The most interesting types are Dictynna and seated beside a date-See also:

palm, placing her right hand on the head of a serpent in reference to the myth of the See also:

BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of Zagreus . As usual, the figure is foreshortened . The reverse has a standing figure of Poseidon . Rhaucus has Poseidon beside his See also:

HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse . The rare didrachms of Sybritia, or Sybrita, may fitly See also:

close the series; one, among the most exquisite of Greek coins, has heads of Dionysus and Hermes in high See also:

RELIEF

relief (see Pl . II. fig . 7); another has on the obverse a charming subject, Dionysus seated on a See also:

RUNNING

running See also:

PANTHER

panther, and on the reverse Hermes drawing on his right See also:

BUSKIN (a word of uncertain origin, existing in many European languages, as Fr. brousequin, Ital. borzacchino, Dutch brozeken, and Span. borcegu£)

buskin,—a delightful figure . Another beautiful type is a seated Dionysus . Zeus Cretagenes . The autonomous coins are very varied . The obverse of the didrachms of Aptera bears a head of Artemis and the reverse a See also:

WARRIOR

warrior (Ptolioikos) before a sacred See also:

tree . Of Chersonesus, the See also:

PORT

port of Lyctus, there are didrachms of coarse style, with a head of Artemis Britomartis, who had a temple at the See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place .

The head is copied from Stymphalus, as also is one of the reverse types, Heracles wielding his club . The money of See also:

CNOSSUS

Cnossus is of great interest . The oldest coins may be as early as 480 B.C . They bear the figure of the Minotaur as a See also:

bull-headed See also:

man, kneeling on one See also:

KNEE (O. E. cneow, a word common to Indo-European languages, cf. Ger. Knie, Fr. genou, Span. hinojo, Lat. genu, Gr. ybvv, Sansk. janu)

knee, and a maeander-pattern, in one See also:

case enclosing a See also:

STAR

star (the See also:

sun), in another a head (See also:

THESEUS

Theseus?) . Of the period 431–350 there are didrachms with the head of Persephone, and the labyrinthine pattern enclosing the sun or the See also:

moon or a bull's head for the Minotaur, and at length be-coming a regular See also:

MAZE

maze . To this time belongs the wonderful coin in the See also:

Berlin Museum with Minos seated, his name in the field, and the head of Persephone within the maeander-pattern . In the later 4th century a head of Hera (copied without spirit from the coins of Argos) occupies the obverse of didrachms and drachms, and the reverse has a maze through which the way may be clearly traced . This series closes with Alexander's empire, and the native coinage disappears until the league of Cephisodorus revives it with the Athenian tetradrachm of Attic weight, bearing the name of the Cnossians . It is of inferior style, and is followed by See also:

BASE

base coins with heads of Minos and Apollo, and the Labyrinth, either square as before or in a new circular form, which is interesting as showing it was a See also:

mere See also:

MATTER

matter of tradition . There are interesting coins of Cydonia, some of them of beautiful style and work . One bears an engraver's name, Neuantos . The head is that of a Maenad, and the reverse has a figure of the traditional founder Cydon, stringing his See also:

BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow, who on other didrachms is seen suckled by a bitch .

The style is good, but the See also:

EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution poor . Gortys, or See also:

GORTYNA, or GORTYN

Gortyna, is represented by most remarkable coins, which generally allude to the myth of Europa . Didrachms of archaic style have on the obverse Europa carried by the bull and on the reverse the See also:

lion's See also:

SCALP (0. Dutch schelpe, a shell)

scalp . These pieces are followed by a remarkably fine class of spread didrachms; the best are of about 400 B.C . They have on the obverse Europa seated in a pensive attitude on the See also:

TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk of a tree, doubtless the sacred See also:

PLANE

plane at Gortyna, mentioned by See also:

Pliny, which was said never to See also:

SHED

shed its leaves, and on the reverse a bull suddenly turning his head as if stung by a See also:

FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly (Pl . II. fig . 6) . Nothing in Greek art exceeds the skill and beauty of these designs . The truth with which the tree is sketched, and the graceful position of the forlorn Europa are as much to be admired as the fidelity with which the bull is See also:

DRAWN

drawn, even when foreshortened, sharply turning his head, with his See also:

TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue out and his tail raised . These designs, beautiful in themselves, are strikingly deficient in fitness, and afford equally strong illustrations of the excellencies and of the one great See also:

FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault of the art of Cretan coins . Many pieces of the same class are of rude execution . Of Itanus there are remarkable coins, the earlier, some of which are of good style, with the subject of a Tritonian sea-See also:

god (See also:

GLAUCUS (" bright ")

Glaucus ?) and two sea-monsters .

Lyctus (Lyttus) is represented by strangely rude pieces, with the types of a flying eagle and a See also:

BOAR (0. Eng. bar; the word is found only in W. Ger. languages, cf. Dutch beer, Ger. Eber)

boar's head . The coins of Phaestus form a most interesting series . Among the didrachms are some of admirable work, with on the obverse Heracles slaying the See also:

Hydra with his club and on the reverse a bull . Others have on the obverse Heracles seated on the ground, resting . Another noticeable obverse type is the beardless Zeus seated in a tree, with his Cretan name, Velchanos . On his knee is a See also:

COCK, EDWARD (1805-1892)

cock crowing, showing that he was a god of the See also:

DAWN (the 16th-century form of the earlier " Jawing " or " dawning," from an old verb " daw," O. Eng. dagian, to become day; cf. Dutch dagen, and Ger. tagen)

dawn . We also find Talos, the man of See also:

brass, said to have been made by See also:

HEPHAESTUS

Hephaestus or Daedalus, portrayed as a winged youth naked, bearing in each hand a See also:

stone, and in a combatant attitude . See also:

APOLLONIUS

Apollonius Rhodius (Argonaut. iv . 1638 sqq.) relates that Talos prevented the See also:

ARGONAUTS ('Apyovavrat, the sailors of the "Argo ")

Argonauts from landing in Crete by hurling stones at them, until he was destroyed by the artifice of See also:

MEDEA (Gr. Mi/Seta)

Medea . The important town of Polyrrhenium is represented by carefully-executed coins with a head of Zeus and a bull's head . A later piece has a whiskered head of Apollo, probably Philip V. in that character . Priansus shows the remarkable type of Persephone The coinage of See also:

EUBOEA (pronounced Evvia in the modern language)

Euboea is all on the native standard, of which the Attic was a variety .

It includes some of the very earliest Greek money . Carystus begins in the time of the Persian War Euboea. with the type of the cow and See also:

calf, as in Corcyra, and its See also:

SPECIAL

special badge is the cock . In the period 197–146 it issued gold drachms . See also:

CHALCIS

Chalcis, the mother of western colonies, has already in the 6th century, or even earlier, a long series with the wheel-type and an incuse diagonally divided, and later, a nymph's head and an eagle devouring a serpent . See also:

ERETRIA (mod. Aletria)

Eretria probably begins as early as Chalcis, but the obverse type is the See also:

GORGON, GORGONS (Gr. Popyc'o, Fopyoves, the "terrible," or, according to some, the " loud-roaring ")

Gorgon's head . This is succeeded by the same type and a panther's or bull's head, and fine See also:

LATE

late archaic coins bear the cow and the cuttle-See also:

fish . Eretria was probably the See also:

mint of coins with the head of a nymph and a cow or cow's head struck in the name of Euboeans in the fine period . Of Histiaea the usual type is the head of a Maenad and a female figure seated on the stern of a See also:

GALLEY (derived through the 0. Fr. galee, galie, from the Med. Lat. galea, Ital. galea, Port. gale, of uncertain origin; from the Med. Lat. variant form galera are derived the Mod. Fr. galere, Span. and Ital. galera)

galley . Among the other islands classed after Euboea, Amorgos must not be passed by, as a bronze coin of Aegiale, one of its towns, presents the curious type of a See also:

CUPPING

cupping-See also:

glass . To See also:

Andros has been See also:

CYCLADES

Cyclades attributed a group of early coins bearing an amphora. and The silver money of Carthaea, Coressia and lulls in See also:

CEOS (Gr. Kiws, mod. Zea or Tzia)

Ceos See also:

SPORADES (Gr. ErropaSes, from a-sretpew, to sow)

Sporades. is extremely old, beginning in each case in the 6th century . The weight is Aeginetic, and there are didrachms and smaller coins . The usual types of Carthaea are an amphora and then a bunch of grapes; that of Coressia is a cuttle-fish and. See also:

DOLPHIN

dolphin .

The coinage of See also:

DELOS

Delos is insignificant . Melos coined from the early 5th century to imperial times: its chief type is a canting one, the fiXov (See also:

POMEGRANATE

pomegranate) . See also:

NAXOS

Naxos is represented by early Aeginetic didrachms and coins of the fine period, the latter being chiefly bronze pieces of remarkably delicate and good work . The types are Dionysiac . A 7th-century coin with the head of a satyr (one of the earliest representations of the human head on a coin) is probably Naxian . Of Paros there are early Aeginetic didrachms with the type of a kneeling See also:

GOAT (a common Teut. word; O. Eng. gat, Goth. gaits, Mod. Ger. Geiss, cognate with Lat. haedus, a kid)

goat and beneath a dolphin . Of the 3rd and 2nd centuries B.C. there are Attic didrachms with a head, possibly of Artemis, at first of a charming style, and a goat on the reverse . There are very archaic Aeginetic didrachms of Siphnos, which was famous for its gold and silver mines . A late tetradrachm of Syros is interesting as representing the Cabiri . The coinage of See also:

ASIA

Asia begins with that of Asia See also:

Minor . It falls into certain great classes—first, the ancient gold and See also:

ELECTRUM, ELECTRON (Gr. ijXei rpov, amber)

electrum, Lydian and Greek, in time succeeded by electrum Asia or gold and silver, all struck in the west and mainly minor. on the See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . Then the Persian dominion appears in the silver money of the satraps, circulating with the gold and silver of See also:

PERSIA

Persia, and the Greek money is limited to a few cities of the coast, none save the electrum of the great mint of See also:

CYZICUS