NICEPHORUS See also:

• NICEPHORUS GREGORAS (c. 1295-1360)

GREGORAS (c. 1295-1360)  , See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine historian, See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of learning and religious controversialist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• HERACLEA

Heraclea in See also:

• PONTUS

Pontus . At an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age he settled at See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, where his reputation for learning brought him under the See also:

• NOTICE

notice of Andronicus II., by whom he was appointed Chartophylax (keeper of the archives) . In 1326 See also:

• GREGORAS, NICEPHORUS (c. 1295-1360)

Gregoras See also:

• PRO

pro-posed (in a still extant See also:

• TREATISE

treatise) certain reforms in the See also:

• CALENDAR

calendar, which the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor-refused to carry out for fear of disturbances; nearly two See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years later they were introduced by See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory XIII. on almost the same lines . When Andronicus was de-throned (1328) by his See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson Andronicus III., Gregoras shared his downfall and retired into private See also:

• LIFE

life . Attacked by Barlaam, the famous See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk of See also:

• CALABRIA

Calabria, he was with difficulty persuaded to come forward and meet him in a See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of words, in which Barlaam was worsted . This greatly enhanced his reputation and brought him a large number of pupils . Gregoras remained loyal to the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder Andronicus to the last, but after his See also:

• DEATH

death he succeeded in gaining the favour of his grandson, by whom he was appointed to conduct the unsuccessful negotiations (for a See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and Latin churches) with the ambassadors of See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John XXII . (1333) . Gregoras subsequently took an important See also:

• PART

part in the Hesychast controversy, in which he violently opposed Gregorius See also:

• PALAMAS, GREGORIUS (a. 1296-1359)

Palamas, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief supporter of the See also:

• SECT

sect . After the doctrines of Palamas had been recognized at the See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod of 1351, Gregoras, who refused to acquiesce, was practically imprisoned in a monastery for two years . Nothing is known of the end of his life . His chief See also:

• WORK

work is his See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• HISTORY

History, in 37 books, of the years 1204 to 1359 .

It thus partly supplements and partly continues the work of See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• PACHYMERES, GEORGIUS (1242-c. 1310)

Pachymeres . Gregoras shows considerable See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, but his See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style is pompous and affected . Far too much space is devoted to religious matters and dogmatic quarrels . This work and that of John Cantacuzene supplement and correct each other, and should be read together . The other writings of Gregoras, which (with a few exceptions) still remain unpublished, attest his See also:

• GREAT

great versatility . Amongst them may be mentioned a history of the dispute with Palamas; See also:

• BIOGRAPHIES

biographies of his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle and early instructor John, See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan of Heraclea, and of the See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

martyr Codratus of See also:

• ANTIOCH

Antioch; funeral orations for See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore See also:

• METOCHITA, THEODORE

Metochita, and the two emperors Andronicus; commentaries on the wanderings of See also:

• ODYSSEUS (in Latin Ulixes, incorrectly written Ulysses)

Odysseus and on See also:

• SYNESIUS (c. 373-c. 414)

Synesius's treatise on dreams; tracts on See also:

• ORTHOGRAPHY (from Gr. Opeoc, correct, right or straight, and yp&cbecv, to write)

orthography and on words of doubtful meaning; a philosophical See also:

• DIALOGUE

dialogue called Florentius or Concerning See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

Wisdom; astronomical See also:

• TREATISES

treatises on the date of See also:

• EASTER

Easter and the preparation of the See also:

• ASTROLABE (from Gr. liar pop, star, and Aa(3eiv, to take)

astrolabe; and an extensive See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence . See also:

• EDITIONS

Editions: in See also:

• BONN

Bonn Corpus scriptorum hist . Byz., by L . Schopen and I . See also:

• BEKKER (or WOLFF), ELIZABETH (1738–1804)
• BEKKER, AUGUST IMMANUEL (1785–1871)
• BEKKER, BALTHASAR (1634–1698)

Bekker, with life and See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of See also:

• WORKS

works by J . See also:

• BOIVIN, FRANCOIS DE

Boivin (1829—1855); J . P .

See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne, Patrologia graeca, cxlviii., cxlix . ; see also C . See also:

• KRUMBACHER, CARL (1856–1909)

Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur (1897) .