OF NAZIANZUS ST See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• OF NAZIANZUS ST GREGORY (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

GREGORY (329–389)  , surnamed Theologus, .one of the four See also:

• GREAT

great fathers of the Eastern See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born oout the See also:

• YEAR

year A.D . 329, at or near Nazianzus, See also:

• CAPPADOCIA

Cappadocia . His See also:

• FATHER

father, also named See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory, had lately be-come See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese; his See also:

• MOTHER

mother, Nonna, exercised a powerful See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence over the religious convictions of both father and son . Gregory visited successively the two Caesareas, See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria and See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, as a student of See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar, See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics, See also:

• RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric and See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy; at Athens he had for See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-students See also:

• BASIL (Russ. VASILY)

Basil (q.v.), who afterwards became bishop of Caesarea, and See also:

• JULIAN (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS) (331-363)

Julian, afterwards See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor . Shortly after his return to his father's See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house at Nazianzus (about the year 36o) Gregory received See also:

• BAPTISM

baptism . He resolved to give himself to the service of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion; but for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, and indeed more or less throughout his whole See also:

• LIFE

life, was in a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of hesitation as to the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form which that service ought to take . Strongly inclined by nature and See also:

• EDUCATION

education to a contemplative life spent among books and in the society of congenial See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, he was continually urged by outward circumstances, as well as by an inward See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call, to active See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral labour . The spirit of refined intellectual See also:

• MONASTICISM (Gr. p.ovacrnabs, living alone, µ6vos)

monasticism, which clung to him through life and never ceased to struggle for the ascendancy, was about this time strongly encouraged by his intercourse with Basil, who induced him to See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share the exalted pleasures of his retirement in See also:

• PONTUS

Pontus . To this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period belongs the preparation of the PLXoKaALa, a sort of chrestomathy compiled by the two friends from the writings of See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen . But the events which were stirring the See also:

• POLITICAL

political and ecclesiastical life of Cappadocia, and indeed of the whole See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• WORLD

world, made a career of learned leisure difficult if not impossible to a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of Gregory's position and temperament . The emperor See also:

• CONSTANTIUS, FLAVIUS VALERIUS

Constantius, having by intrigue and intimidation succeeded in thrusting a semi-Arian See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula upon the Western bishops assembled at See also:

• ARIMINUM (mod. Rimini)

Ariminum in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, had next attempted to follow the same course with the Eastern episcopate . The aged bishop of Nazianzus having yielded to the imperial threats, a great See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm arose among the monks of the diocese, which was only quelled by the influence of the younger Gregory, who shortly afterwards (about 361) was ordained to the priesthood .

After a vain See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to evade his new duties and responsibilities by See also:

• FLIGHT

flight, he appears to have continued to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as a See also:

• PRESBYTER (Gr. apactObTepos, elder, the comparative of IrOo-Oas, an old man)

presbyter in his father's diocese without interruption for some considerable time; and it is probable that his two Invectives against Julian are to be assigned to this period . Subsequently (about 372), under a pressure which he somewhat resented, he allowed himself to be nominated by Basil as bishop of Sasima, a miserable little See also:

• VILLAGE

village some 32 M. from Tyana; but he seems' hardly, if at all, to have assumed the duties of this diocese, for after another See also:

• INTERVAL

interval of " flight " we find him oncemore (about 372–373) at Nazianzus, assisting his aged father, on whose See also:

• DEATH

death (374) he retired to Se]eucia in See also:

• ISAURIA

Isauria for a period of some years . Meanwhile a more important See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field for his activities was opening up . Towards 378–379 the small and depressed remnant of the orthodox party in See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople sent him an urgent See also:

• SUMMONS (Fr. semonce, from semonner or semondre, Lat. summonere, summonitio)

summons to undertake the task of resuscitating their cause, so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long persecuted and See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne down by the Arians of the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital . With the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

• THEODOSIUS

Theodosius to the imperial See also:

• THRONE

throne, the prospect of success to the Nicene See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine had dawned, if only it could find some courageous and devoted See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion . The fame of Gregory as a learned and eloquent See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple of Origen, and still more of See also:

• ATHANASIUS (293-373)

Athanasius, pointed him out as such a defender; nor could he resist the See also:

• APPEAL

appeal made to him, although he took the step reluctantly . Once arrived in Constantinople, he laboured so zealously and well that the orthodox party speedily gathered strength; and the small apartment in which they had been accustomed to meet was soon exchanged for a vast and celebrated church which received the significant name of Anastasia, the Church of the Resurrection . Among the hearers of Gregory were to be found, not only churchmen like See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome and See also:

• EVAGRIUS (c. 536–600)

Evagrius, but also heretics and pagans; and it says much for the See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom and See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical tact of the preacher that he set himself less to build up and defend a doctrinal position than to urge his See also:

• FLOCK

flock to the cultivation of the loving See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian spirit which cherishes higher aims than See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• HERESY

heresy See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting or endless disputation . Doctrinal, nevertheless, he was, as is abundantly shown by the famous five discourses on the Trinity, which earned for him the distinctive appellation of OeoX6yos . These orations are the finest exposition of the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic doctrine of the Trinity as conceived by the orthodox teachers of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East, and they were directed especially against the Eunomians and Macedonians . "There is perhaps no single See also:

• BOOK

book in See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek patristic literature to which the student who desires to gain an exact and comprehensive view of Greek See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology can be more confidently referred." With the arrival of Theodosius in 38o came the visible See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph of the orthodox cause; the See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan see was then conferred upon Gregory, and after the assembling of the second ecumenical See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council in 381 he received See also:

• CONSECRATION (Lat. consecrallo, from con and sacrare, " to make sacred ")

consecration from Meletius . In consequence, however, of a spirit of discord and envy which had manifested itself in connexion with this promotion, he soon afterwards resigned his dignity and withdrew into See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative retirement .

The See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his days were spent partly at Nazianzus in ecclesiastical affairs, and partly on his neighbouring patrimonial See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate at Arianzus, where he followed his favourite See also:

• LITERARY

literary pursuits, especially poetical See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition, until his death, which occurred in 389 or 390 . His festival is celebrated in the Eastern Church on the 25th and3oth of See also:

• JANUARY

January, in the Western on the 9th of May (duplex) . His extant See also:

• WORKS

works consist of poems, epistles and orations . The poems, which include epigrams, elegies and an autobiographical See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch, have been frequently printed, the editio princeps being the Aldine (1504) . Other See also:

• EDITIONS

editions are those of Tollius (1696) and See also:

• MURATORI

Muratori (1709); a See also:

• VOLUME

volume of Carmina selecta also has been edited by Dronke (184o) . The tragedy entitled Xpurr6r ar&rXwv usually included is certainly not genuine . Gregory's See also:

• POETRY

poetry did not absorb his best energies; it was adopted in his later years as a recreation rather than as a serious pursuit; thus it is occasionally delicate, graphic, beautiful, but it is not sustained . Of the See also:

• HYMNS

hymns none have passed into ecclesiastical use . The letters are entitled to a higher See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in literature . They are always easy and natural; and there is nothing forced in the manner in which their acute, witty and profound sayings are introduced . Those to Basil introduce us to the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of a most romantic friendship, those to Cledonius have theological value for their bearing on the Apollinarian controversy . As an orator he was so facile, vigorous and persuasive, that men forgot his small stature and emaciated countenance .

See also:

• FORTY

Forty-five orations are extant . Gregory was less an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent theologian than an interpreter . He was influenced by Athanasius in his Christology, by Origen in his See also:

• ANTHROPOLOGY (Gr. avOpw1ror man, and Xoyos, theory or science)

anthropology, for, though teaching See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin and deriving human mortality from the Fall, he insists on the ability of the human will to choose the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good and to co-operate in the See also:

• WORK

work of salvation with the will of See also:

• GOD

God . Though possessed neither of Basil's See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government nor of Gregory of Nyssa's See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of speculative thought, he worthily takes a place in that triumvirate of Cappadocians whom the Catholic Church gratefully recognizes as having been, during the See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical struggles in the latter See also:

• HALF

half of the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, the best defenders of its faith . The See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

Opera amnia were first published by Hervagius (See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel, 155o) ; the subsequent editions have been those of Billius (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1609, 1611; aucta ex interpretatione See also:

• MORELLI, GIOVANNI (1816-1891)

Morelli, 163o), of the See also:

• BENEDICTINES, or BLACK MONKS

Benedictines (begun in 1778, but interrupted by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Revolution and not completed until 184o, Caillau being the final editor) and of See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne . The Theological Orations (edited by A . J . See also:

• MASON, FRANCIS (1799—1874)
• MASON, GEORGE (1725—1792)
• MASON, GEORGE HEMMING (1818–1872)
• MASON, JAMES MURRAY (1798-1871)
• MASON, JOHN (1586-1635)
• MASON, JOHN YOUNG (1799-1859)
• MASON, LOWELL (1792—1872)
• MASON, SIR JOHN (1503–1566)
• MASON, SIR JOSIAH (1795-1881)
• MASON, WILLIAM (1725—1797)

Mason) were published separately at See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge in 1899 . Scattered notices of the life of Gregory Nazianzen are to be found in the writings of See also:

• SOCRATES

Socrates, See also:

• SOZOMEN

Sozomen, See also:

• THEODORET

Theodoret and See also:

• RUFINUS, TYRANNIUS

Rufinus, as well as in his own letters and poems . The data derived from these See also:

• SOURCES

sources do not always harmonize with the See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of Suidas . The earlier See also:

• MODERN

modern authorities, such as See also:

• TILLEMONT

Tillemont (Mem . Eccl. t. ix.) and Leclerc (Bib .

Univ. t. xviii.), were used by See also:

• GIBBON
• GIBBON, EDWARD (1737–1794)

Gibbon . See also C . See also:

• ULLMANN, KARL (1796-1865)

Ullmann, Gregorius von Nazianz, der Theologe (1825; Eng. trans. by G . F . See also:

• COXE, HENRY OCTAVIUS (1811–1881)
• COXE, WILLIAM (1747-1828)

Coxe, M.A., 1857); A . See also:

• BENOIT, PETER LEONARD LEOPOLD (1834—1901)

Benoit, St See also:

• GREGOIRE, HENRI (1750—1831)

Gregoire de Nazianze; sa See also:

• VIE

vie, ses seuvres, et son epoque (1877); Montaut, Revue critique de quelques questions historiques se rapportant a St Gregoire de Nazianze (1879); F . W . See also:

• FARRAR, FREDERIC WILLIAM (1831-1903)

Farrar, Lives of the Fathers, i . 491-582, and F . Loofs in Hauck-See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog's Realencyk. See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur prot . Theologie, vii . 138 .