I See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

FRIEDRICH MELCHIOR See also:

• I FRIEDRICH MELCHIOR GRIMM
• GRIMM, JACOB LUDWIG CARL (1785-1863)
• GRIMM, WILHELM CARL (1786-1859)

GRIMM  ,ARON vON (1723–1807), See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French author, the son of a See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German pastor, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Ratisbon on the 26th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1723 . He studied at the University of See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, where he came under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• GOTTSCHED, JOHANN CHRISTOPH (1700-1766)

Gottsched and of J . A . See also:

• ERNESTI, J
• ERNESTI, JOHANN AUGUST (1707-1781)
• ERNESTI, JOHANN CHRISTIAN GOTTLIEB (1756–1802)

Ernesti, to whom he was largely indebted for his See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical appreciation of classical literature . When nineteen he produced a tragedy, Banise, which met with some success . After two years of study he returned to Ratisbon, where he was attached to the See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household of See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Schonberg . In 1748 he accompanied See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August Heinrich, Count Friesen, to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris as secretary, and he is said by See also:

• ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1633-1693)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE (1671-1741)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES (1712-1778)
• ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu

Rousseau to have acted for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time as reader to See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick, the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young hereditary See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• SAXE, JOHN GODFREY (1816-1887)
• SAXE, MAURICE, COMTE DE (1696-1750)

Saxe-See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha . His acquaintance with Rousseau, through a mutual sympathy in regard to musical matters, soon ripened into intimate friendship, and led to a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close association with the encyclopaedists . He rapidly obtained a thorough knowledge of the French See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, and acquired so perfectly the See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone and sentiments of the society in which he moved that all marks of his See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign origin and training seemed effaced . A witty pamphlet entitled Le See also:

• PETIT, SIR DINSHAW MANECKJI, BART

Petit Prophete de Boehmischbroda (1753), written by him in See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian as against French See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

opera, established his See also:

• LITERARY

literary reputation . It is possible that the origin of the pamphlet is partly to be accounted for by his vehement See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion? for Mlle Fel, the prima donna of the Italian See also:

• COMPANY

company . In 1753 See also:

• GRIMM, FRIEDRICH MELCHIOR, I
• GRIMM, JACOB LUDWIG CARL (1785-1863)
• GRIMM, WILHELM CARL (1786-1859)

Grimm, following the example of the See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

abbe See also:

• RAYNAL, GUILLAUME THOMAS

Raynal, began a literary See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence with various German sovereigns .

Raynal's letters, Nouvelles litteraires, ceased See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 1755 . With the aid of See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, especially of See also:

• DIDEROT, DENIS (1713-1784)

Diderot and Mme d'See also:

• EPINAY, LOUISE FLORENCE PETRONILLE TARDIEU

Epinay, during his temporary absences from See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, Grimm himself carried on the correspondence, which consisted of two letters a See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month, until 1773, and eventually counted among his subscribers See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine II. of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, Stanislas See also:

• PONIATOWSKI
• PONIATOWSKI, JOSEPH ANTHONY (1763-1813)

Poniatowski, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland, and many princes of the smaller German States . " Weld was the author of several See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery books which had considerable influence at the time . Among them are The See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible against Slavery (1837), See also:

• AMERICAN

American Slavery as It Is (1839), a collection of extracts from See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern papers, and Slavery and the See also:

• INTERNAL

Internal Slave See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

Trade in the U.S . (1841) . 2 Rousseau's. See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of this affair (Confessions, 2nd See also:

• PART

part, 8th See also:

• BOOK

book) must be received with caution . It was probably in 1754 that Grimm was introduced by Rousseau to Madame d'Epinay, with whom he soon formed a liaison which led to an irreconcilable rupture between him and Rousseau . Rousseau was induced by his resentment to give in his Confessions a wholly mendacious portrait of Grimm's See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . In 1755, after the See also:

• DEATH

death of Count Friesen, who was a See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew of See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal Saxe and an officer in the French See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, Grimm became secretaire See also:

• DES

des commandments to the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans, and in this capacity he accompanied Marshal d'See also:

• ESTREES, GABRIELLE

Estrees'on the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF

Westphalia in 1756–57 . He was named See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy of the See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of France in 1759, but was deprived of his See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office for criticizing the See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte de See also:

• BROGLIE, DE

Broglie in a despatch intercepted by See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XV . He was made a See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire in 1775 . His introduction to Catherine II. of Russia took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place at St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg in 1773, when he was in the See also:

• SUITE (Suite de pieces; Ordre; Partita)

suite of Wilhelmine of See also:

• HESSE
• HESSE (Lat. Hessia, Ger. Hessen)

Hesse-See also:

• DARMSTADT

Darmstadt on the occasion of her See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage to the czarevitch See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul .

He became See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of Saxe-Gotha at the court of France in 1776, but in 1777 he again See also:

• LEFT

left Paris on a visit to St Petersburg, where he remained for nearly a See also:

• YEAR

year in daily intercourse with Catherine . He acted as Paris See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent for the empress in the See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase of See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• ART

art, and executed many confidential commissions for her . In 1783 and the following years he lost his two most intimate friends, Mme d'Epinay and Diderot . In 1792 he emigrated, and in the next year settled in Gotha, where his poverty was relieved by Catherine, who in 1796 appointed him minister of Russia at See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg . On the death of the empress Catherine he took See also:

• REFUGE

refuge with Mme d'Epinay's granddaughter, Emilie de Belsunce, comtesse de Bueil . Grimm had always interested himself in her, and had procured her See also:

• DOWRY (in Anglo-Fr. dowarie, O. Fr. douaire, Med. Lat. dotaria, from Lat. dos; from root of dare, to give; in Fr. dot)

dowry from the empress Catherine . She now received him with the utmost kindness . He died at Gotha on the 19th of December 1807 . The correspondence of Grimm was strictly confidential, and was not divulged during his lifetime . It embraces nearly the whole See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period from 1750 to 1790, but the later volumes, 1773 to 1790, were chiefly the See also:

• WORK

work of his secretary, See also:

• JAKOB, LUDWIG HEINRICH VON (1759—1827)

Jakob Heinrich Meister . At first he contented himself with enumerating the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief current views in literature and art and indicating very slightly the contents of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal new books, but gradually his criticisms became more extended and trenchant, and he touched on nearly every subject—See also:

• POLITICAL

political, literary, See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic, social and religious—which interested the Parisian society of the time . His notices of contemporaries are somewhat severe, and he exhibits the foibles and selfishness of the society in which he moved; but he was unbiassed in his literary judgments, and time has only served to confirm his criticisms .

In See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style and manner of expression he is thoroughly French . He is generally somewhat See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold in his appreciation, but his literary See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste is delicate and subtle; and it was the See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of Sainte-Beuve that the quality of his thought in his best moments will compare not unfavourably even with that of See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire . His religious and philosophical opinions were entirely negative . Grimm's"Correspondance litteraire, philosophique et critique . depuis 1753 jusqu'en 1769, was edited, with many excisions, by J . B . A . Suard and published at Paris in 1812, in 6 vols . 8vo; deuxieme partie, de 1771 a 1782, in 1812 in 5 vols . 8vo; and troisibme partie, See also:

• PENDANT (through Fr. from Lat. pendere, to hang)

pendant une partie des annees 1795 et 1776, et pendant See also:

• LES

les annees 1782 a 1790 inclusivement, in 1813 in 5 vols . 8vo . A supplementary See also:

• VOLUME

volume appeared in 1814; the whole correspondence was collected and published by M . Jules Taschereau, with the assistance of A .

Chatide, in a Nouvelle Edition, revue et See also:

• MISE

mise clans un meilleur ordre, avec des notes et des eclaircissements, et oil se trouvent retablies pour la premiere fois les phrases supprimees See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par la censure imperiale (Paris, 1829, 15 vols . 8vo); and the Correspondance inedite, et recueil de lettres, poesies, morceaux, et fragments retranches par la censure imperiale en 1812 et 1813 was published in 1829 . The See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard edition is that of M . See also:

• TOURNEUX, JEAN MAURICE (1849— )

Tourneux (16 vols., 1877-1882) . Grimm's Memoire historique sur l'origine et les suites de mon attachement pour l'imperatrice Catherine II usqu' au aces de sa majeste imperiale, and Catherine's correspondence with Grimm (1774–1796) were published by J . Grot in 188o, in the Collection of the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian Imperial See also:

• HISTORICAL

Historical Society . She' treats him very familiarly, and calls him Heraclite, Georges Dandin, &c . At the time of the Revolution she begged him to destroy her letters, but he refused, and after his death they were returned to St Petersburg . Grimm's See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the correspondence, however, is billy partially preserved: He signs himself Pleureur." Some of Grimm's letters, besides the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official correspondence, are included in the edition of M . Tourneux; others are contained in the Erinnerungen einer Urgrossmutter of K. von Bechtolsheim, edited (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 19oz) by Count C . Oberndorff . See also Mine d'Epinay's Memoires; Rousseau's Confessions; the notices contained in the See also:

• EDITIONS

editions quoted; E .

See also:

• SCHERER, EDMOND HENRI ADOLPHE (1815-1889)
• SCHERER, WILHELM (1841-1886)

Scherer, Melchior Grimm (1887); Sainte-Beuve, Causeries du lundi, vol. vii . For further works bearing on the subject, see K . A . Georges, See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich Melchior Grimm (See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover and Leipzig, 1904) .