See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

JACOB See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

LUDWIG CARL See also:

• GRIMM, FRIEDRICH MELCHIOR, I
• JACOB LUDWIG CARL GRIMM (1785-1863)
• GRIMM, WILHELM CARL (1786-1859)

GRIMM (1785-1863)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German philologist and mythologist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 4th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1785 at See also:

• HANAU

Hanau, in See also:

• HESSE
• HESSE (Lat. Hessia, Ger. Hessen)

Hesse-See also:

• CASSEL
• CASSEL, or KASSEL

Cassel . His See also:

• FATHER

father, who was a lawyer, died while he was a See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child, and the See also:

• MOTHER

mother was See also:

• LEFT

left with very small means; but her See also:

• SISTER

sister, who was See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady of the chamber to the landgravine of Hesse, helped to support and educate her numerous See also:

• FAMILY

family . See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob, with his younger See also:

• BROTHER

brother Wilhelm (born on the 24th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1786), was sent in 1798 to the public school at Cassel . In 18oz he proceeded to the university of See also:

• MARBURG
• MARBURG, COLLOQUY OF (Marburger Religionsgesprach)

Marburg, where he studied See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, a profession for which he had been destined by his father . His brother joined him at Marburg a See also:

• YEAR

year later, having just recovered from a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and severe illness, and likewise began the study of law . Up to this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time Jacob See also:

• GRIMM, FRIEDRICH MELCHIOR, I
• GRIMM, JACOB LUDWIG CARL (1785-1863)
• GRIMM, WILHELM CARL (1786-1859)

Grimm had been actuated only by a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general thirst for knowledge and his energies had not found any aim beyond the See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical one of making himself a position in See also:

• LIFE

life . The first definite impulse came from the lectures of See also:

• SAVIGNY, FRIEDRICH KARL VON (1779–1861)

Savigny, the celebrated investigator of See also:

• ROMAN

Roman law, who, as Grimm himself says (in the See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface to the Deutsche Grammatik), first taught him to realize what it meant to study any See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . Savigny's lectures also awakened in him that love for See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical and antiquarian investigation which forms the basis of all his See also:

• WORK

work . Then followed See also:

• PERSONAL

personal acquaintance, and it was in Savigny's well-provided library that Grimm first turned over the leaves of See also:

• BODMER, JOHANN JAKOB (1698-1783)

Bodmer's edition of the Old German See also:

• MINNESINGERS (Ger. Minnesinger from Minne, love)

minnesingers and other See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early texts, and See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt an eager See also:

• DESIRE

desire to penetrate further into the obscurities and See also:

• HALF

half-revealed mysteries of their See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language . In the beginning of 1805 he received an invitation from Savigny, who had removed to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, to help him in his See also:

• LITERARY

literary work . Grimm passed a very happy time in Paris, strengthening his See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste for the literatures of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages by his studies in the Paris See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries . Towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the year he returned to Cassel, where his mother and Wilhelm had settled, the latter having finished his studies .

The next year he obtained a situation in the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office with the very small See also:

• SALARY

salary of See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo thalers . One of his grievances was that he had to See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange his stylish Paris suit for a stiff See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform and pigtail . But he had full leisure for the See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution of his studies . In 18o8, soon after the See also:

• DEATH

death of his mother, he was appointed See also:

• SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent of the private library of See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome Buonaparte, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF

Westphalia, into which Hesse-Cassel had been incorporated by See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon . Jerome appointed him an auditor to the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, while he retained his other See also:

• POST

post . His salary was increased in a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• INTERVAL

interval from 2000 to 4000 francs, and his See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official duties were hardly more than nominal . After the See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of Jerome and the reinstalment of an elector, Grimm was appointed in 1813 secretary of See also:

• LEGATION (Lat. legalio, a sending or mission)

legation, to accompany the See also:

• HESSIAN

Hessian See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister to the headquarters of the allied See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . In 1814 he was sent to Paris to demand restitution of the books carried off by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, and in 1814–1815 he attended the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna as secretary of legation . On his return he was again sent to Paris on the same errand as before . Meanwhile Wilhelm had received an See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment in the Cassel library, and in 1816 Jacob was made second librarian under Volkel . On the death of Volkel in 1828 the See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers expected to be advanced to the first and second librarianships respectively, and were much dissatisfied when the first See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place was given to Rommel, keeper of the archives . So they removed next year to See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, where Jacob received the appointment of See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor and librarian, Wilhelm that of under-librarian .

Jacob Grimm lectured on legal antiquities, historical See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar, literary See also:

• HISTORY

history, and diplomatics, explained Old German poems, and commented on the Germania of See also:

• TACITUS, CORNELIUS (c. 55-120)
• TACITUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS

Tacitus . At this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period he is described as small and lively in figure, with a harsh See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice, speaking a broad Hessian See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect . His powerful memory enabled him to dispense with the J.L.C . See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript which most German professors rely on, and he spoke extempore, referring only occasionally to a few names and See also:

• DATES

dates written on a slip of See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper . He himself regretted that he had begun the work of teaching so See also:

• LATE

late in life; and as a lecturer he was not successful: he had no See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of digesting his facts and suiting them to the comprehension of his hearers; and even the brilliant, terse and eloquent passages which abound in his writings lost much of their effect when jerked out in the midst of a long See also:

• ARRAY (from the O. Fr. areyer, Med. Lat. arredare, to get ready)

array of dry facts . In 1837, being one of the seven professors who signed a protest against the king of See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover's See also:

• ABROGATION (Lat. abrogare, to repeal or annul a law; rogare, literally " to ask," to propose a law)

abrogation of the constitution established some years before, he was dismissed from his professorship, and banished from the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Hanover . He returned to Cassel together with his brother, who had also signed the protest, and remained there till, in 184o, they accepted an invitation from the king of See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia to remove to See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, where they both received professorships, and were elected members of the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Sciences . Not being under any See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation to lecture, Jacob seldom did so, but together with his brother worked at the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• DICTIONARY

dictionary . During their stay at Cassel Jacob regularly attended the meetings of the academy, where he read papers on the most varied subjects . The best known of these are those on See also:

• LACHMANN, KARL KONRAD FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1793-1851)

Lachmann, See also:

• SCHILLER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1759-18o5)

Schiller, and his brother Wilhelm (who died in x859), on old See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, and on the origin of language . He also described his impressions of See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian and Scandinavian travel, interspersing his more general observations with linguistic details, as is the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case in all his See also:

• WORKS

works . Grimm died in 1863, working up to the last .

He was never See also:

• ILL

ill, and worked on all See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, without haste and without pause . He was not at all impatient of interruption, but seemed rather to be refreshed by it, returning to his work without effort . He wrote for the See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press with great rapidity, and hardly ever made corrections . He never revised what he had written, remarking with a certain wonder of his brother, " Wilhelm reads his See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts over again before sending them to press ! " His temperament was uniformly cheerful, and he was easily amused . Outside his own See also:

• SPECIAL

special work he had a marked taste for See also:

• BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

botany . The spirit which animated his work is best described by himself at the end of his autobiography . " Nearly all my labours have been devoted, either directly or indirectly, to the investigation of our earlier language, See also:

• POETRY

poetry and See also:

• LAWS

laws . These studies may have appeared to many, and may still appear, useless; to me they have always seemed a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble and See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest task, definitely and inseparably connected with our See also:

• COMMON

common fatherland, and calculated to See also:

• FOSTER, GEORGE EULAS (1847– )
• FOSTER, JOHN (177o-1843)
• FOSTER, MYLES BIRKET (1825-1899)
• FOSTER, SIR CLEMENT LE NEVE (1841-1904)
• FOSTER, SIR MICHAEL (1836-r9o7)
• FOSTER, STEPHEN COLLINS (1826-1864)

foster the love of it . My principle has always been in these investigations to under-value nothing, but to utilize the small for the See also:

• ILLUSTRATION

illustration of the great, the popular tradition for the elucidation of the written monuments." The purely scientific See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of Grimm's See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed slowly . He seems to have felt the want of definite principles of See also:

• ETYMOLOGY (Gr. grvµos, true, and X6yos, "account)

etymology without being able to discover them, and indeed even in the first edition of his grammar (1818) he seems to be often groping in the dark . As early as 1815 we find A .

W . See also:

• SCHLEGEL, AUGUST WILHELM VON (1767-1845)
• SCHLEGEL, JOHANN ELIAS (1719-1749)
• SCHLEGEL, KARL WILHELM FRIEDRICH VON (1772-1829)

Schlegel reviewing the Altdeutsche Wdlder (a periodical published by the two brothers) very severely, condemning the lawless etymological combinations it contained, and insisting on the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of strict philological method and a fundamental investigation of the laws of language, especially in the See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence of sounds . This See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism is said to have had a considerable See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on the direction of Grimm's studies . The first work he published, Ober den altdeutschen Meistergesang (18x1), was of a purely literary character . Yet even in this See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay Grimm showed that Minnesang and Meistersang were really one See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of poetry, of which they merely represented different stages of development, and also announced his important See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the invariable See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the Lied into three strophic parts . His See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text-See also:

• EDITIONS

editions were mostly prepared in common with his brother . In 1812 they published the two See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient fragments of the Hildebrandslied and the Weissenbrunner Gebel, Jacob having discovered what till then had never been suspected—the See also:

• ALLITERATION (from Lat. ad, to, and littera, letter)

alliteration in these poems . However, Jacob had little taste for text-editing, and, as he himself confessed, the evolving of a See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical text gave him little See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure . He therefore left this See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department to others, especially Lachmann, who soon turned his brilliant critical See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius, trained in the severe school of classical See also:

• PHILOLOGY

philology, to Old and Middle High German poetry and See also:

• METRE ((terpuc?, sc. rFxvf, from Gr. Or poi', measure)

metre . Both brothers were attracted from the beginning by all See also:

• NATIONAL

national poetry, whether in the form of epics, See also:

• BALLADS

ballads or popular tales . They published in 1816–1818 an See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis and critical sifting of the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest epic traditions of the Germanic races under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Deutsche Sagen . At the same time they collected all the popular tales they could find, partly from the mouths of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, partly from manuscripts and books, and published in 1812–1815 the first edition of those Kinder-und Hausmarchen which have carried the name of the brothers Grimm into every See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household of the civilized See also:

• WORLD

world, and founded the science of folk-See also:

• LORE
• LORE, AMBROISE DE (1396-1446)

lore .

The closely allied subject of the satirical beast epic of the middle ages also had a great See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm for Jacob Grimm, and he published an edition of the See also:

• REINHART, CHARLES STANLEY (1844—1896)
• REINHART, JOACHIM CHRISTIAN (1761—1847)

Reinhart See also:

• FUCHS, JOHANN NEPOMUK VON (1774-1856)
• FUCHS, LEONHARD (15o1-1566)

Fuchs in 1834 . His first contribution to See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology was the first See also:

• VOLUME

volume of an edition of the Eddaic songs, undertaken conjointly with his brother, published in 1815, which, however, was not followed by any more . The first edition of his Deutsche Mythologie appeared in 1835 . This great work covers the whole range of the subject, tracing the mythology and superstitions of the old Teutons back to the very See also:

• DAWN (the 16th-century form of the earlier " Jawing " or " dawning," from an old verb " daw," O. Eng. dagian, to become day; cf. Dutch dagen, and Ger. tagen)

dawn of See also:

• DIRECT

direct See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence, and following their decay and loss down to the popular traditions, tales and expressions in which they still linger . Although by the introduction of the See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

Code Napoleon into Westphalia Grimm's legal studies were made practically barren, he never lost his See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the scientific study of law and national institutions, as the truest exponents of the life and character of a people . By the publication (in 1828) of his Rechtsalterthiimer he laid the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of that historical study of the old See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic laws and constitutions which was continued with brilliant success by Georg L . See also:

• MAURER, GEORG LUDWIG VON (1790-1872)

Maurer and others . In this work Grimm showed the importance of a linguistic study of the old laws, and the See also:

• LIGHT

light that can be thrown on many a dark passage in them by a comparison of the corresponding words and expressions in the other old cognate dialects . He also knew how—and this is perhaps the most See also:

• ORIGINAL

original and valuable See also:

• PART

part of his work—to trace the spirit of the laws in countless allusions and sayings which occur in the old poems and sagas, or even survive in See also:

• MODERN

modern colloquialisms . Of all his more general works the boldest and most far-reaching is his Geschichte der deutschen Sprache, where at the same time the linguistic See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element is most distinctly brought forward . The subject of the work is, indeed, nothing less than the history which lies hidden in the words of the German language—the oldest national history of the Teutonic tribes determined by means of language . For this purpose he laboriously collects the scattered words and allusions to be found in classical writers, and endeavours to determine the relations in which the German language stood to those of the See also:

• GETAE

Getae, Thracians, Scythians, and many other nations whose See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages are known only by doubtfully identified, often extremely corrupted remains preserved by See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and Latin authors .

Grimm's results have been greatly modified by the wider range of comparison and improved methods of investigation which now characterize linguistic science, and many of the questions raised by him will probably for ever remain obscure; but his See also:

• BOOK

book will always be one of the most fruitful and suggestive that have ever been written . Grimm's famous Deutsche Grammatik was the outcome of his purely philological work . The labours of past generations—from the humanists onwards—had collected an enormous See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of materials in the shape of text-editions, dictionaries and grammars, although most of it was uncritical and often untrustworthy . Something had even been done in the way of comparison and the determination of general laws, and the conception of a See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative Teutonic grammar had been clearly grasped by the illustrious Englishman See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Ilickes, at the beginning of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and partly carried out by him in his See also:

• THESAURUS (Gr. B17o-avp6s)

Thesaurus . Ten Kate in See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland had afterwards made valuable contributions to the history and comparison of the Teutonic languages . Even Grimm himself did not at first intendto include all the languages in his grammar; but he soon found that Old High German postulated See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic, that the later stages of German could not be understood without the help of the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low German dialects, including See also:

• ENGLISH

English, and that the See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich literature of Scandinavia could as little be ignored . The first edition of the first part of the Grammar, which appeared in 1819, and is now extremely rare, treated of the inflections of all these languages, together with a general introduction, in which he vindicated the importance of an historical study of the German language against the a priori, quasi-philosophical methods then in See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue . In 1822 this volume appeared in a second edition—really a new work, for, as Grimm himself says in the preface, it cost him little reflection to See also:

• MOW

mow down the first See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop to the ground . The wide distance between the two stages of Grimm's development in these two editions is significantly shown by the fact that while the first edition gives only the inflections, in the second volume phonology takes up no fewer than 600 pages, more than half of the whole volume . Grimm had, at last, awakened to the full conviction that all See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound philology must be based on rigorous See also:

• ADHESION (from Lat. adhaerere, to adhere)

adhesion to the laws of sound-See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change, and he never afterwards swerved from this principle, which gave to all his investigations, even in their boldest flights, that See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron-See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound consistency, and that force of conviction which distinguish science from See also:

• DILETTANTE

dilettante-ism; up to Grimm's time philolegy was nothing but a more or less laborious and conscientious dilettanteism, with occasional flashes of scientific See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration; he made it into a science . His advance must be attributed' mainly to the influence of his contemporary R . See also:

• RASK, RASMUS CHRISTIAN (1787-1832)

Rask .

Rask was born two years later than Grimm, but his remarkable precocity gave him somewhat the start . Even in Grimm's first editions his Icelandic paradigms are based entirely on Rask's grammar, and in his second edition he relied almost entirely on Rask for Old English . His See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt to Rask can only be estimated at its true value by comparing his treatment of Old English in the two editions; the difference is very great . Thus in the first edition he declines deg, dceges, plural dcegas, not having observed the law of vowel-change pointed out by Rask . There can be little doubt that the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of Rask's Old English grammar was a See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main inducement for him to recast his work from the beginning . To Rask also belongs the merit of having first distinctly formulated the laws of sound-correspondence in the different languages, especially in the vowels, those more fleeting elements of speech which had hitherto been ignored by etymologists . This leads to a question which has been the subject of much controversy,—Who discovered what is known as Grimm's law ? This law of the correspondence of consonants in the older Indogermanic, Low and High German languages respectively was first fully stated by Grimm in the second edition of the first part of his grammar . The correspondence of single consonants had been more or less clearly recognized by several of his predecessors; but the one who came nearest to the discovery of the See also:

• COMPLETE

complete law was the Swede J . Ihre, who established a consider-able number of " literarum permutationes," such as b for f, with the examples bcera=ferre, befwer = fiber . Rask, in his essay on the origin of the Icelandic language, gives the same comparisons, with a few additions and corrections, and even the very same examples in most cases . As Grimm in the preface to his first edition expressly mentions this essay of Rask, there is every See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability that it gave the first impulse to his own investigations .

But there is a wide difference between the isolated permutations of his predecessors and the comprehensive generalizations under which he himself ranged them . The See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the law to High German is also entirely his own . The only fact that can be adduced in support of the assertion that Grimm wished to deprive Rask of his claims to priority is that he does not expressly mention Rask's results in his second edition . But this is part of the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of his work, viz. to refrain from all controversy or reference to the works of others . In his first edition he expressly calls See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to Rask's essay, and praises it most ungrudgingly . Rask himself refers as little to Ihre, merely alluding in a general way to Ihre's permutations, although his own debt to Ihre is infinitely greater than that of Grimm to Rask or any one else . It is true that a certain bitterness of feeling afterwards sprang up between Grimm and Rask, but this was the See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault of the latter, who, impatient of See also:

• CONTRADICTION, PRINCIPLE OF (principium contradictionis)

contradiction and irritable in controversy, refused to acknowledge the value of Grimm's views when they involved modification of his own . The importance of Grimm's generalization in the history of philology cannot be overestimated, and even the mystic completeness and symmetry of its formulation, although it has proved a hindrance to the correct explanation of the causes of the changes, was well calculated to strike the popular mind, and give it a vivid idea of the See also:

• PARAMOUNT (Anglo-Fr. paramont, up above, par el mont, up or on top of the mountain)

paramount importance of law, and the necessity of disregarding See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere superficial resemblance . The most lawless etymologist bows down to the authority of Grimm's law, even if he honours it almost as much in the See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach as in the observance . The grammar was continued in three volumes, treating principally of derivation, See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition and syntax, which last was left unfinished . Grimm then began a third edition, of which only one part, comprising the vowels, appeared in 1840, his time being afterwards taken up mainly by the dictionary . The grammar stands alone in the See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals of science for comprehensiveness, method and fullness of detail .

Every law, every See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter, every syllable of inflection in the different languages is illustrated by an almost exhaustive mass of material . It has served as a See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model for all succeeding investigators . See also:

• DIEZ
• DIEZ, FRIEDRICH CHRISTIAN (1794–1876)

Diez's 'grammar of the See also:

• ROMANCE

Romance languages is founded entirely on its methods, which have also exerted a profound influence on the wider study of the Indo-Germanic languages in general . In the great German dictionary Grimm undertook a task for which he was hardly suited . His exclusively historical tendencies made it impossible for him to do See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice to the individuality of a living language; and the disconnected statement of the facts of language in an See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary alphabetical dictionary fatally See also:

• MARS
• MARS (MAYORS, MARMAR, MARSPITER GA MASPITER)
• MARS, MLLE [ANNE FRANCOISE HYPPOLYTE BOUTET] (1779-1847)

mars its scientific character . It was also undertaken on so large a See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale as to make it impossible for him and his brother to complete it themselves . The dictionary, as far as it was worked out by Grimm himself, may be described as a collection of disconnected antiquarian essays of high value . Grimm's scientific character is notable for its See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of breadth and unity . He was as far removed from the narrowness of the specialist who has no ideas, no sympathies beyond some one author, period or corner of science, as from the shallow dabbler who feverishly attempts to See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master the details of half-adozen discordant pursuits . Even within his own special studies there is the same See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise concentration; no See also:

• MEZZOFANTI, GIUSEPPE CASPAR (1774-1849)

Mezzofanti-like See also:

• PARROT (according to Skeat, from Fr. Perrot or Pies-rot, the diminutive of the proper name Pierrel)

parrot display of useless polyglottism . The very foundations of his nature were harmonious; his patriotism and love of historical investigation received their fullest See also:

• SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction in the study of the language, traditions, mythology, laws and literature of his own countrymen and their nearest kindred . But from this centre his investigations were pursued in every direction as far as his unerring See also:

• INSTINCT

instinct of healthy See also:

• LIMITATION, STATUTES OF

limitation would allow .

He was equally fortunate in the See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony that subsisted between his intellectual and moral nature . He made cheerfully the heavy sacrifices that science demands from its disciples, without feeling any of that envy and bitterness which. often torment weaker natures; and although he lived apart from his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow men, he was full of human sympathies, and no See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man has ever exercised a profounder influence on the destinies of mankind . His was the very ideal of the noblest type of German character . The following is a complete See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of his separately published works, those which he published in common with his brother being'marked with a See also:

• STAR

star . Fora list of his essays in See also:

• PERIODICALS

periodicals, &c., see vol. v. of his Kleinere Schriften, from which the See also:

• PRESENT

present list is taken . His life is best studied in his own '' Selbstbiographie," in vol. i. of the Kleinew Schriften . There is also a brief memoir by K . Godeke in Gottinger Professoren (See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha (See also:

• PERTHES, FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH (1772—1843)
• PERTHES, JOHAN GEORG JUSTUS (1749-1816)

Perthes), 1872): Uber den altdeutschen Meistergesang (Gottingen, 1811) ; *Kinder- and Hausmarchen (Berlin, 1812–1815) (many editions) ; *Das Lied von See also:

• HILDEBRAND, LAY OF (Deis Hildebrandslied)

Hildebrand and das Weissenbrunner Gebet (Cassel, 1812); Altdeutsche Wilder (Cassel, See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort, 1813–1816, 3 vols.) ; *Der arme Heinrich von See also:

• HARTMANN, KARL ROBERT EDUARD VON (1842–1906)
• HARTMANN, MORITZ (1821–1872)

Hartmann von der See also:

• AVE, or FIRN

Ave (Berlin, 1815) ;'Irmenstrasse and Irmensdule (Vienna, 1815); *See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Lieder der See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien See also:

• EDDA

Edda (Berlin, 1815), See also:

• SILVA, ANTONIO JOSE DA (1705–1739)

Silva de romances viejos (Vienna, 1815) ; *Deutsche Sagen (Berlin, 1816–1818, 2nd ed., Berlin, 1865–1866); Deutsche Grammatik (Gottingen, 1819, 2nd ed., Gottingen, 1822–1840) (reprinted 1870 by W . See also:

• SCHERER, EDMOND HENRI ADOLPHE (1815-1889)
• SCHERER, WILHELM (1841-1886)

Scherer, Berlin) ; Wuk Stephanovitsch's kleine serbische Grammatik, verdeutscht mit airier Vorrede (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig and Berlin, 1824) ; Zur Recension der deutschen Grammatik (Cassel, 1826) ; *Irische Elfenmarchen, aus dem Englischen (Leipzig, 1826) ; Deutsche Rechtsaltertumer (Gottingen, 1828, 2nd ed., 18J4) ; Hymnorum veteris ecclesiae XX VI. inter pretatio theodisca (Gottingen, 183o); Reinhart Fuchs (Berlin, 1834) ; Deutsche Mythologie (Gottingen, 1835, 3rd ed., 1854, 2 vols.) ; Taciti Germania edidit (Gottingen, 1835); Uber meine Entlassung (See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel, 1838); (together with Schmeller) Lateinische Gedichte See also:

• DES

des X. and XI . Jahrhunderts (Gottingen, 1838) ; Sendschreiben an Karl Lachmann fiber Reinhart Fuchs (Berlin, 1840) ; Weistumer, Th. i . (Gottingen, 1840) (continued, partly by others, in 5 parts, 1840–1869) ; Andreas und Elene (Cassel, 1840) ; Frau Aventure (Berlin, 1842) ; Geschichte der deutschen Sprache (Leipzig, 1848, 3rd ed., 1868, 2 vols.); Das Wort des Besitzes (Berlin, 1850) ; *Deutsches Worterbuch, Bd. i . (Leipzig, 1854) ; Rede auf Wilhelm Grimm and Rede fiber das Alter (Berlin, 1868, 3rd ed., 1865) ; Kleinere Schriften (Berlin, 1864–1870, 5 vols.) .

(H .