See also:

• GRINGOIRE (or GRINGORE), PIERRE (c. 148o-1539)

GRINGOIRE (or GRINGORE), See also:

• PIERRE

PIERRE (c. 148o-1539)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French poet and dramatist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born about the See also:

• YEAR

year 1480, probably at See also:

• CAEN

Caen . In his first See also:

• WORK

work, Le Chasteau de labour (1499), a didactic poem in praise of See also:

• DILIGENCE

diligence, he narrates the troubles following on See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage . A See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young couple are visited by Care, Need, Discomfort, '&c.; and other personages See also:

• COMMON

common to See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval allegories take See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• ACTION

action . In See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1501 See also:

• GRINGOIRE (or GRINGORE), PIERRE (c. 148o-1539)

Gringoire was in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris directing the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of a See also:

• MYSTERY (Gr. µw(Trilpcov, from tcuvrm, an initiate, µfew, to shut the mouth)

mystery See also:

• PLAY

play in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the See also:

• ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog)

archduke See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, and in subsequent years he received many similar commissions . The fraternity of the Enfans sans Souci advanced him to the dignity of See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

Mere Sotte and afterwards to the highest honour of the gild, that of See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• DES

des Sots . For twenty years Gringoire seems to have been at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of this illustrious confrerie . As Prince des Sots he exercised an extraordinary See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . At no See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time was the See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage, See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude and coarse as it was, more popular as a true exponent of the popular mind . Gringoire's success See also:

• LAY

lay in the fact that he followed, but did not See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead; on his stage the See also:

• PEOPLE

people saw exhibited their passions, their judgments of the moment, their jealousies, their hatreds and their ambitions . Brotherhoods of the See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind existed all over See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . In Paris there were the 1 Enfans sans Souci, the Basochiens, the Confrerie de la See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

Passion and the Souverain See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire de See also:

• GALILEE
• GALILEE (Heb. 5'S?, " border " or " ring," Gr. I'aXi?aia)
• GALILEE, SEA OF

Galilee; at See also:

• DIJON

Dijon there were the Mere Folle and her See also:

• FAMILY

family; in See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders the Societe des Arbaletriers played comedies; at See also:

• ROUEN

Rouen the Cornards or Conards yielded to none in vigour and fearlessness of See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire . On Shrove Tuesday 1512 Gringoire, who was the accredited defender of the policy of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XII., and had already written many See also:

• POLITICAL

political poems, represented the Jeu du Prince des Sots et Mere Sotte .

It was at the moment when the French dispute with See also:

• JULIUS

Julius II. was at its height . Mere Sotte was disguised as the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, and disputed the question of the temporal See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power with the prince . The political meaning was even more thinly veiled in the second part of the entertainment, a morality named L'Homme obstine, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal personage representing the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope . The performance concluded with a See also:

• FARCE

farce . Gringoire adopted for his See also:

• DEVICE

device on the See also:

• FRONTISPIECE (through the French, from Med. Lat. frontispicium, a front view, frons, frontis, forehead or front, and specere, to look at; the English spelling is a mistaken adaptation to " piece ")

frontispiece of this trilogy, Tout See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par Raison, Raison par Tout, Par tout Raison . He has been called the Aristophane des Halles . In one respect at least he resembles See also:

• ARISTOPHANES
• ARISTOPHANES (c. 448–385 B.e.1)

Aristophanes . He is serious in his merriment; there is purpose behind his extravagances . The Church was further attacked in a poem printed about 1510, La See also:

• CHASSE (Fr. for " chased ")
• CHASSE (from the Fr., in full chasse-cafe, or " coffee-chaser ")

Chasse dv cerf des cerfs (serf des See also:

• SERFS, SERROS

serfs, i.e. servus servorum), under which See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title that of the pope is thinly veiled . About 1514 he wrote his mystery of the See also:

• VIE

Vie de Monseigneur See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint-Louis par personnages in nine books for the confrerie of the masons and carpenters . He became in 1518 See also:

• HERALD (O. Fr. heraut, herault; the origin is uncertain, but O.H.G. heren, to call, or hariwald, leader of an army, have been proposed; the Gr. equivalent is Kddpvi : Lat. praeco, caduceator, fetialis)

herald at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine, with the title of Vaudemont, and married See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger, a See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady of See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth . During the last twenty years of a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• LIFE

life he became orthodox, and dedicated a Blason des heretiques to the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Lorraine .

There is no See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of his See also:

• SALARY

salary as a herald after See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas 1538, so that he died probably in 1539 . His See also:

• WORKS

works were edited by C. d'Hericault and A. de Montaiglon for the Bibliotheque elzevirienne in 1858 . This edition was incomplete, and was supplemented by a second See also:

• VOLUME

volume in 1877 by Montaiglon and M . See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James de See also:

• ROTHSCHILD

Rothschild . These volumes include the works already mentioned, except Le Chasteau de labour, and in addition, See also:

• LES

Les Folles Entreprises (1505), a collection of didactic and satirical poems, chiefly ballades and rondeaux, one See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of which is devoted to the exposition of the tyranny of the nobles, and another to the vices of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy; L'Entreprise de Venise (c . 1509), a poem in seven-lined stanzas, giving a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of the Venetian fortresses which belonged, according to Gringoire, to other See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers; L'Espoir de paix (1st ed. not dated; another, 1510), a See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on the deeds of " certain popes of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome," dedicated to Louis XII.; and La Coqueluche (1510), a verse description of an epidemic, apparently See also:

• INFLUENZA (syn. " grip," la grippe)

influenza . For details of his other satires, Les Abus du monde (1509), Complainte de trop See also:

• LARD (Fr. lard, from Lat. laridum, bacon fat, related to Gr. Naptvos fat, Napos dainty or sweet)

Lard See also:

• MARIE

marie, Les Fantasies du monde qui regne; of his religious verse, Chants royaux (on the Passion, 1527), Heures de Notre See also:

• DAME
• DAME (through the Fr. from Lat. domina, mistress, lady, the feminine of dominus, master, lord)

Dame (1525); and a collection of tales in See also:

• PROSE

prose and verse, taken from the Gesta Romanorum, entitled Les Fantasies de Mere Sotte (1516), see G . See also:

• BRUNET, JACQUES CHARLES (178o-1867)

Brunet, See also:

• MANUEL, EUGENE (1823–1901)
• MANUEL, JACQUES ANTOINE (1775-1827)
• MANUEL, LOUIS PIERRE (1751-1793)

Manuel du libraire (s.v . Gringore) . Most of Gringoire's works conclude with an See also:

• ACROSTIC (Gr. aKpos, at the end, and arixos, line or verse)

acrostic giving the name of the author . The Chasteau de labour was translated into See also:

• ENGLISH

English by See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander See also:

• BARCLAY, ALEXANDER (c. 1476-1552)
• BARCLAY, JOHN (1582-1621)
• BARCLAY, JOHN (1734-1798)
• BARCLAY, R
• BARCLAY, ROBERT (1648-1690)
• BARCLAY, WILLIAM (1546–1608)

Barclay and printed by Wynkyn de Worde in 1506 . Barclay's See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation was edited (1905) with his See also:

• ORIGINAL

original for the See also:

• ROXBURGHE, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Roxburghe See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

Club by Mr A .

W . See also:

• POLLARD, EDWARD ALBERT (1828–1872)

Pollard,who provided an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of Gringoire, and a bibliography of the See also:

• BOOK

book . See also, for the Jeu du Prince des Sots, See also:

• PETIT, SIR DINSHAW MANECKJI, BART

Petit de Julleville, La Comedie et les mceurs en France au moyen See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, pp . 151-168 (Paris, 1886); for Saint Louis, the same author's Les Mysteres, i . 331 et seq., ii . 583-597 (1880), with further See also:

• BIBLIOGRAPHICAL

bibliographical references; and E . Picot, Gringore et les comediens italiens (1877) . The real Gringoire cannot be said to have many points of resemblance with the poet described in See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor See also:

• HUGO, GUSTAV VON (1764–1844)
• HUGO, VICTOR MARIE (1802-1885)

Hugo's Notre-Dame de Paris, nor is there more See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation in fact for the one-See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act prose See also:

• COMEDY

comedy of See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore de See also:

• BANVILLE, THEODORE FAULLAIN DE (1823-1891)

Banville .