GRIQUALAND See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

EAST  and GRIQUALAND See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

WEST, territorial divisions of the Cape See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

Province of the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . Griqualand See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East, which lies south of See also:

• BASUTOLAND (officially The Territory of Basutoland")

Basutoland and west of See also:

• NATAL

Natal, is so named from the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement there in 1862 of Griquas under See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam Kok . It forms See also:

• PART

part of the Transkeian Territories of the Cape, and is described under See also:

• KAFFRARIA

KAFFRARIA . Griqualand West, formerly Griqualand simply, also named after its Griqua inhabitants, is part of the See also:

• GREAT

great tableland of South Africa . It is bounded S. by the See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

Orange See also:

• RIVER

river,W. and N. by See also:

• BECHUANALAND (a name given from its inhabitants, the Bechuana, q.v.)

Bechuanaland, E. by the See also:

• TRANSVAAL

Transvaal and Orange See also:

• FREE

Free See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State Province, and has an See also:

• AREA

area of 15,197 sq. m . It has a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of 3000 to 4000 ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low ranges of rocky hills, the Kaap, See also:

• ASBESTOS

Asbestos, See also:

• VANSITTART, HENRY (1732-1770 or 1771)

Vansittart and Langeberg mountains, traversing its western portion in a general N.E.-S.W. direction . The only perennial See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers are in the eastern See also:

• DISTRICT

district, through which the See also:

• VAAL

Vaal flows" from a point a little above Fourteen Streams to its junction with the Orange (16o m.) . In this part of its course the Vaal receives the Harts river from the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and the Riet from the east . The Riet, 4 M. within the Griqualand frontier, is joined by the Modder . The See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the rivers are shaded by willows; elsewhere the only See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree is the See also:

• MIMOSA (so named from the movements of the leaves in many species which " mimic " animal sensibility)

mimosa . The greater part of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country is barren, merging N.W. into See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• DESERT

desert . The See also:

• SOIL

soil is, however, wherever irrigated, extremely fertile .

The See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is hot and dry, but the nights are frequently See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold . See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

Rain rarely falls, though thunderstorms of great severity occasionally sweep over the See also:

• LAND

land, and sandstorms are prevalent in the, summer . A portion of the country is adapted for See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep-farming and the growing of crops, See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-breeding is carried on at See also:

• KIMBERLEY
• KIMBERLEY, JOHN WODEHOUSE, 1ST EARL OF (1826-1902)

Kimberley, and asbestos is worked in the south-western districts, but the See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of Griqualand West lies in its diamonds, which are found along the banks of the Vaal and in the district between that river and the Riet . From the first See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of diamonds in 1867 up to the end of 1905 the See also:

• TOTAL

total yield of diamonds was estimated at 13z tons, See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth 95,000,000 . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• TOWN

town is Kimberley (q.v.), the centre of the See also:

• DIAMOND

diamond See also:

• MINING

mining See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . It is situated on the railway from Cape Town to the See also:

• ZAMBEZI

Zambezi, which crosses the country near its eastern border . Three See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles south of Kimberley is See also:

• BEACONSFIELD
• BEACONSFIELD, BENJAMIN DISRAELI, EARL OF

Beaconsfield (q.v.) . On the banks of the Vaal are Barkly West (q.v.), Windsorton (pop . Boo) and Warrenton (pop . 1500); at all these places are river diggings, diamonds being found along the river from Fourteen Streams to the Harts confluence . Warrenton is 44 M . N. by See also:

• RAIL

rail from Kimberley .

See also:

• DOUGLAS
• DOUGLAS, GAVIN (1474?-1522)
• DOUGLAS, JOHN (1721—1807.)
• DOUGLAS, SIR CHARLES
• DOUGLAS, SIR HOWARD
• DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD (18,3–1861)

Douglas (pop . 300), on the south See also:

• BANK

bank of the Vaal, 12 M. above its confluence with the Orange, is the centre of an agricultural district, a See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal 91 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long serving to irrigate a considerable area . See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty-five miles N.W. of Douglas is Griquatown (pop . 401), the headquarters of the first Griqua settlers . See also:

• CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER (1788–1866)
• CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA (Mrs PATRICK CAMPBELL) (1865– )
• CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–1796)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN
• CAMPBELL, JOHN (1708-1775)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN CAMPBELL, BARON (1779-1861)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS
• CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
• CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867— )
• CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777—1844)

Campbell (pop . 250) is 30 M . E. of Griqua-town, and Postmasburg 42 M . N. by W . A See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census taken in 1877 showed the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of Griqualand West to be 45,277, of whom 12,347 were whites . At the census of 1891 the population was 83,215, of whom 29,602 were whites, and in 1904 the population was 108,498, of whom 32,570 were whites . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—Before the settlement in it of Griqua clans the district was thinly inhabited by See also:

• BUSHMEN, or BOSJESMANS

Bushmen and See also:

• HOTTENTOTS

Hottentots . At the end of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century a See also:

• HORDE

horde known as Bastaards, descendants of Dutch farmers and Hottentot See also:

• WOMEN

women, led a nomadic See also:

• LIFE

life on the plains south of the Orange river .

In 1803 a missionary named See also:

• ANDERSON
• ANDERSON, ADAM (1692—1765)
• ANDERSON, ALEXANDER (c. 1582-1620?)
• ANDERSON, ELIZABETH GARRETT (1836— )
• ANDERSON, JAMES (1662—1728)
• ANDERSON, JAMES (1739-1808)
• ANDERSON, JOHN (1726-1796)
• ANDERSON, MARY (1859– )
• ANDERSON, RICHARD HENRY (1821–1879)
• ANDERSON, ROBERT (1750–1830)
• ANDERSON, SIR EDMUND (1530-1605)

Anderson induced a number of the Bastaards with their chief Barend Barends to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle north of the river, and a See also:

• MISSION

mission station was formed at a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place where there was a strong flowing See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

fountain, which has now disappeared, which gave the name of Klaarwater to what is now known as Griquatown or Griquastad . Klaarwater became a See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat for other Bastaards, Hottentot refugees, See also:

• KAFFIRS (Arabic Kafir, an unbeliever)

Kaffirs and Bechuanas . From Little See also:

• NAMAQUALAND

Namaqualand came a few See also:

• HALF

half-breeds and others under the leadership of Adam Kok, son of See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius Kok and See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of Adam Kok (c . 1710-1795), a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of mixed See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white and Hottentot See also:

• BLOOD

blood who is regarded as the founder of the See also:

• MODERN

modern Griquas . The settlement prospered, and in 1813, at the instance of the Rev . See also:

• JAHN, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG (1778-1852)
• JAHN, JOHANN (1750—1816)
• JAHN, OTTO (1813—1869)

Jahn Campbell, who had been sent by the See also:

• LONDON

London Missionary Society to inspect the country, the tribesmen abandoned the name of Bastaards in favour of that of Griquas,' some of them professing descent from a Hottentot tribe, originally settled near Saldanha See also:

• BAY

Bay, called by the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Dutch settlers at the Cape Chariguriqua or Grigriqua . Under the guidance of missionaries the Griquas made some progress in See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization, and many professed See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity . Adam Kok and Barends having moved eastward in 182o, those who remained behind elected as their See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head man a teacher in the mission school named Andries Waterboer, who successfully administered the settlement, and by defeating the Makololo raiders greatly increased the See also:

• PRESTIGE

prestige of the tribe . Meanwhile Adam Kok and his companions had occupied part of the country between the Modder and Orange rivers . In 1825 Kok settled at the.mission station of Philippolis (founded two years previously), and in a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time had exterminated the Bushmen inhabiting that region . He died about 1835, and after a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of See also:

• CIVIL

civil strife was succeeded by his younger son, Adam Kok III . This chief in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1843 signed a treaty placing himself under See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• PROTECTION

protection .

Many Dutch farmers were settled on the land he claimed . In 1845 he received British military aid in a contest with the white settlers, and in 1848 helped the British under See also:

• SIR

Sir Harry See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith against the Boers (see ORANGE FREE STATE: History) . Eventually finding himself straitened by the Boers of the newly established Orange Free State, he removed in 1861-1863 with his See also:

• PEOPLE

people, some' 3000 in number, to the region (then depopulated by Kaffir See also:

• WARS

wars) now known as Griqualand East . His See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign rights to all territory no:.th of the Orange he sold to the Free State for £4000 . He founded See also:

• KOKSTAD

Kokstad (q. v.) and died in 1876 . Waterboer, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal Griqua chief, had entered into treaty relations with the British See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government as early as 1834, and he received a See also:

• SUBSIDY (through Fr. from Lat. subsidium, reserve troops, aid, assistance, from subsidere, literally " to sit or remain behind or in reserve,")

subsidy of £150 a See also:

• YEAR

year . He proved a stanch ally of the British, and kept the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace on the Cape frontier to the day of his See also:

• DEATH

death in 1852 . He was succeeded by his son See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas Waterboer, under whom the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the Griquas declined—a decline induced by the indolence of the people and intensified by the drying up of the See also:

• WATER

water supplies, See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague and See also:

• BRANDY

brandy drinking . During this period white settlers acquired farms in the country, and the loss of their See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence by the Griquas became inevitable . The discovery of diamonds along the banks of the Vaal in 1867 entirely altered the fortunes of the country, and by the end of 1869 the See also:

• RUSH
• RUSH, BENJAMIN (1745–1813)
• RUSH, RICHARD (1780–1859)

rush to the alluvial diggings had begun . At the diggers' camps the Griquas exercised no authority, but over part of the district the South See also:

• AFRICAN

African See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic and the Orange Free State claimed See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty . At Klip See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

Drift (now Barkly West) the diggers formed a See also:

• REGULAR

regular government and elected See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore See also:

• PARKER, JOHN HENRY (1806-1884)
• PARKER, JOSEPH (183o-1902)
• PARKER, MARTIN (c. 1600-c. 1656)
• PARKER, MATTHEW (1504-1575)
• PARKER, SAMUEL (164o-1688)
• PARKER, SIR GILBERT (1862— )
• PARKER, SIR HYDE, BART
• PARKER, THEODORE (1810-186o)

Parker as their See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president .

Most of the diggers being British subjects, the high See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner of South Africa interfered, and a Cape See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official was appointed See also:

• MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

magistrate at Klip Drift, President Parker resigning See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1871 . At this time the " dry diggings," of which Kimberley is the centre, had been discovered,' and over the miners there the Orange Free State asserted See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction . The land was, however, claimed by Nicholas Waterboer, who, on the See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice of his See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent, See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David Arnot, petitioned the British to take over his country.' This Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain consented to do, and on the 27th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1871 proclamations were issued by the high commissioner ' The Griquas, as a distinct tribe, numbered at the Cape census of 1904 but 6289 . They have largely intermarried with Kaffir and See also:

• BECHUANA

Bechuana tribes . 2 The See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of discovery of the chief mines was:—Dutoitspan, See also:

• SEPT

Sept . 187o; Bultfontein, Nov . 187o; De Beers, May 1871; Coles-See also:

• BERG (Ducatus Montensis)

berg Kop (Kimberley), See also:

• JULY

July 1871.receiving Waterboer and his Griquas as British subjects and defining the limits of his territory . In addition to the Kimberley district this territory included that part of the diamondiferous area which had been claimed by the Transvaal, but which had been declared, as the result of the See also:

• ARBITRATION (Lat. arbitrari, to examine or judge)
• ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL

arbitration of R . W . See also:

• KEATE, JOHN (1773—1852)

Keate, See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of Natal, part of Waterboer's land . On the 4th of November a small party of Cape Mounted See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

Police took See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the dry diggings and hoisted the British See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag . Shortly afterwards the representative of the Orange Free State withdrew .

The Free State was greatly incensed by the See also:

• ACTION

action of the British government, but the dispute as to the sovereignty was settled in 1876 by the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of £9o,000 by the British to the Free State as See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation for any injury inflicted on the state . The diggers, who under the nominal See also:

• RULE

rule of the Transvaal and Free State had enjoyed See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical independence, found the new government did little for their benefit, and a period of disorder ensued, which was not put an end to by the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1873 of Mr (afterwards Sir) See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard Southey3 as See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator, in place of the three commissioners who had previously exercised authority . In the July following the territory was made a See also:

• CROWN

crown See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony and See also:

• SOUTHEY, ROBERT (1774-1843)

Southey's See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title changed to that of lieutenant-governor . The government remained unpopular, the diggers complaining of its unrepresentative See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, the heavy See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation exacted, and the inadequate protection of See also:

• PROPERTY

property . They formed a society for mutual protection, and the discontent was so great that an armed force was sent (early in 1875) from the Cape to overawe the See also:

• AGITATORS, or ADJUTATORS

agitators . At the same time See also:

• MEASURES

measures were taken to render the government more popular . The settlement of the dispute with the Free State paved the way for the See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation of Griqualand to the Cape Colony on the 15th of October 1880 .