See also:

• GROMATICI (from groma or gruma, a surveyor's pole)

GROMATICI (from groma or gruma, a surveyor's See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

pole)  , or Agrimensores, the name for See also:

• LAND

land-surveyors amongst the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans . The See also:

• ART

art of See also:

• SURVEYING

surveying was probably at first in the hands of the See also:

• AUGURS

augurs, by whom it was exercised in all cases where the demarcation of a templum (any consecrated space) was necessary . Thus, the boundaries of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome itself, of colonies and camps, were all marked out in accordance with the rules of augural See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure . The first professional surveyor mentioned is L . Decidius Saxa, who was employed by Antony in the measurement of camps (See also:

• CICERO

Cicero, See also:

• PHILIPPICS

Philippics, xi . 12, xiv . 10) . During the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire their number and reputation increased . The See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of land amongst the veterans, the increase, in the number of military colonies, the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian peasants in the provinces, the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general survey of the empire under See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus, the separation of private and See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state domains, led to the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of a recognized professional See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation of surveyors . During later times they were in See also:

• RECEIPT (M.E. receite, derived through Fr. from Lat. recepta, participle of recipere, to receive)

receipt of large salaries, and in some cases were even honoured with the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title clarissimus . Their duties were not merely geometrical or mathematical, but required legal knowledge for consultations or the settlement of disputes . This led to the institution of See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools for the training of surveyors and a special literature, which lasted from the 1st to the 6th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century A.D .

The earliest of the gromatic writers was See also:

• FRONTINUS, SEXTUS JULIUS (c. A.D. 40-103)

Frontinus (q.v.), whose De agrorum qualitate, dealing with the legal aspect of the art, was the subject of a commentary by Aggenus Urbicus, a See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian schoolmaster . Under See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan a certain See also:

• BALBUS

Balbus, who had accompanied the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor on his Dacian See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign, wrote a still extant See also:

• MANUAL

manual of See also:

• GEOMETRY

geometry for land surveyors (Expositio et ratio omnium formarum or mensurarum, probably after a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• ORIGINAL

original by See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

Hero), dedicated to a certain See also:

• CELSUS (c. A.D. 178)

Celsus who had invented an improvement in a gromatic See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument (perhaps the dioptra, resembling the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• THEODOLITE

theodolite); for the See also:

• TREATISES

treatises of See also:

• HYGINUS
• HYGINUS (surnamed GROMATICUS, from gruma, a surveyor's measuring-rod)
• HYGINUS, GAIUS JULIUS

Hyginus see that name . Somewhat later than Trajan was Siculus See also:

• FLACCUS

Flaccus (De condicionibus agrorum, extant), while the most curious See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on the subject, written in barbarous Latin and entitled Casae litterarum (See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long a school textbook) is the See also:

• WORK

work of a certain Innocentius (4th—5th century) . It is doubtful whether See also:

• BOETIUS (or BoETxlus), ANICIUS MANLIUS SEVERINUS (c. A.D. 480–524)

Boetius is the author of the treatises attributed to him . The See also:

• GROMATICI (from groma or gruma, a surveyor's pole)

Gromatici veteres also contains extracts from See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official registers (probably belonging to the 5th century) of colonial and other land surveys, lists and descriptions of boundary stones, and extracts from the Theodosian Codex . According to See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen, the collection had its origin during the 5th century in the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of a vicarius (diocesan See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor) of Rome, who had a number of surveyors under him . The surveyors were known by various names: decempedator (with reference to the instrument used); finitor, metator or mensor castrorum in republican times; togati Augustorum as imperial See also:

• CIVIL

civil officials; See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor, auctor as professional instructors . The best edition of the Gromatici is by C . See also:

• LACHMANN, KARL KONRAD FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1793-1851)

Lachmann and others (1848) with supplementary See also:

• VOLUME

volume, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Schriften der romischen Feldmesser (1852); see also B . G . See also:

• NIEBUHR, BARTHOLD GEORG (1776–1831)
• NIEBUHR, KARSTEN (1733-1815)

Niebuhr, See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• HISTORY

History, ii., appendix (Eng. trans.), who first revived See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the subject; M . Cantor, Die romischen Agrimensoren (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1875) ; P. de See also:

• TISSOT, JAMES JOSEPH JACQUES (1836-1902)
• TISSOT, PIERRE FRANCOIS (1768–1854)

Tissot, La See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

Condition See also:

• DES

des Agrimensores clans l'ancienne Rome (1879); G .

See also:

• ROSSI, LUIGI DE
• ROSSI, PELLEGRINO LUIGI EDOARDO, COUNT (1787-1848)

Rossi, Groma e squadro (See also:

• TURIN

Turin, 1877) ; articles by F . Hultsch in See also:

• ERSCH, JOHANN SAMUEL (1766–1828)

Ersch and See also:

• GRUBER, JOHANN GOTTFRIED (1774-1851)

Gruber's Allgem . Encyklopadie, and by G . See also:

• HUMBERT, RANIERI CARLO EMANUELE GIOVANNI MARIA FERDINANDO EUGENIO, KING OF ITALY (1844-1900)

Humbert in Daremberg and Saglio's Dictionnaire des antiquites; See also:

• TEUFFEL, WILHELM SIEGMUND (1820–1878)

Teuffel-See also:

• SCHWABE, SAMUEL HEINRICH (1789–1875)

Schwabe, Hist. of Roman Literature, 58 .