GRONINGEN  , a See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of the same name, at the confluence of the two canalized See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers the Drentsche Aa and the Hunse (which are continued to the Lauwers Zee as the Reit Diep), 16 m . N. of See also:

• ASSEN

Assen and 33 M . E. of See also:

• LEEUWARDEN

Leeuwarden by See also:

• RAIL

rail . Pop . (1900) 67,563 . Groningen is the centre from which several important canals radiate . Besides the Reit Diep, there are the See also:

• EMS

Ems See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

Canal and the Damster Diep, connecting it with Delfzyl and the Dollart, the Kolonel's Diep with Leeuwarden, the See also:

• NORD

Nord Willem's Canal with Assen and the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south and the Stads-Canal south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east with the Ems . Hence steamers ply in all directions, and there is a See also:

• REGULAR

regular service to See also:

• EMDEN

Emden and the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

• BORKUM

Borkum via Delfzyl, and via the Lauwers Zee to the island of Schiermonnikoog . Groningen is the most important town in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of Holland, with its See also:

• FINE

fine shops and houses and wide clean streets, while See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick houses of the 16th and 17th centuries help it to retain a certain old-See also:

• WORLD

world See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air . The See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• PART

part of the town is still surrounded by the former See also:

• MOAT

moat, and in the centre lies a See also:

• GROUP

group of open places, of which the Groote Markt is one of the largest See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-squares in Holland . Pleasant gardens and promenades extend on the north See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the town, together with a botanical See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church is the See also:

• MARTINI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (1706–1784)
• MARTINI, SIMONE (1283-1344)

Martini-kerk, with a high See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower (432 ft.) dating from 1477, and an See also:

• ORGAN

organ constructed by the famous See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar and musician See also:

• RUDOLPH
• RUDOLPH (d. 1o8o)
• RUDOLPH, or RAOUL

Rudolph Agricolo, who was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born near Groningen in 1443 .

The Aa church See also:

• DATES

dates from 1465, but was founded in 1253 . The See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic Broederkerk (rebuilt at the end of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century) contains some remarkable pictures of the See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

Passion by L . Hendricx (1865) . There is also a Jewish See also:

• SYNAGOGUE (avvaywyii)
• SYNAGOGUE, UNITED

synagogue . The large town See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall (in classical See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style), one of the finest public buildings, was built at the beginning of the loth century and'enlarged in 1873 . The provincial See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government offices also occupy a fine See also:

• BUILDING

building which received a splendid front in 1871 . Other noteworthy buildings are the provincial museum of antiquities, containing interesting Germanic antiquities, as well as See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval and See also:

• MODERN

modern collections of See also:

• PORCELAIN

porcelain, pictures, &c.; the courts of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice (transformed in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 18th century); the old Ommelanderhuis, formerly devoted to the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of the surrounding See also:

• DISTRICT

district, built in 15oq and restored in 1899; the weigh-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house (1874); the See also:

• CIVIL

civil and military See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison; the See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal; the military See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital; and the See also:

• CONCERT (through the French from Lat. con-, with, and certare, to strive)

concert hall . The university of Groningen, founded in 1614, received its See also:

• PRESENT

present fine buildings in classical style in 185o . Among its See also:

• AUXILIARY (from Lat. auxilium, help)

auxiliary establishments are a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good natural See also:

• HISTORY

history museum, an See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory, a laboratory, and a library which contains a copy of See also:

• ERASMUS, DESIDERIUS (1466–1536)

Erasmus' New Testament with marginal annotations by See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther . Other educational institutions are the See also:

• DEAF

deaf anddumb institution founded by See also:

• HENRI

Henri See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel See also:

• GUYOT, ARNOLD HENRY (18o7–1884)
• GUYOT, YVES (1843– )

Guyot (d . 1828) in 1790, a gymnasium, and See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation, See also:

• ART

art and See also:

• MUSIC

music . There are learned See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies for the study of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law (1761) and natural See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science (183o); an See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy of fine arts (1830); an archaeological society; and a central See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

bureau for See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information concerning the province .

As capital of the province, and' on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the advantages of its natural position, Groningen maintains a very considerable See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, chiefly in oil-See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed, See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, See also:

• TURF

turf and See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, with See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, Scandinavia and See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia . The chief See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries are See also:

• FLAX

flax-See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning, rope-making, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar refining, See also:

• BOOK

book See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing, See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool combing and See also:

• DYEING (0. Eng. dedgian, dealt ; Mid. Eng. deyen)

dyeing, and it also manufactures See also:

• BEER

beer, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco and cigars, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton and woollen stuffs, See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture, See also:

• ORGANS

organs and pianos; besides which there are saw, oil and grain See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills, See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine See also:

• WORKS

works, and numerous goldsmiths and silversmiths . History.—The town of Groningen belonged originally to the pagus, or gouw, of Triantha (See also:

• DRENTE

Drente), the countship of which was bestowed by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II. on the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop and See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter of See also:

• UTRECHT
• UTRECHT, TREATY OF

Utrecht in 1024 . In 1040 Henry III. gave the church of Utrecht the royal domain of Groningen, and in the See also:

• DEED (in O. Eng. dead, from the stem of the verb " to do ")

deed of See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift the " See also:

• VILLA

villa Cruoninga " is mentioned . Upon this See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter the bishops of Utrecht based their claim to the overlordship of the town, a claim which the citizens hotly disputed . At the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the donation, indeed, the town can hardly be said to have existed, but the royal " villa " rapidly See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed into a community which strove to assert the rights of a See also:

• FREE

free imperial See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . At first the bishops were too strong for the townsmen; the defences built in 11 ro were pulled down by the bishop's See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order two years later; and during the 12th and 13th centuries the see of Utrecht, in spite of frequent revolts, succeeded in maintaining its authority . Down to the 15th century an episcopal See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect, or See also:

• BURGRAVE

burgrave, had his seat in the city, his authority extending over the neighbouring districts known as the Gorecht . In 1143 Heribert of Bierum, bishop of Utrecht, converted the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office into an hereditary See also:

• FIEF

fief in favour of his See also:

• BROTHER

brother Liffert, on the extinction of whose male See also:

• LINE

line it was partitioned between the families of Koevorden (or Coevorden) and See also:

• VAN

van den See also:

• HOVE

Hove . Gradually, however, the burghers, aided by the neighbouring See also:

• FRISIANS (Lat. Frisii; in Med. Lat. Frisones, Frisiones, Fresones; in their own tongue Frsasa, FrPsen)

Frisians, succeeded in freeing themselves from the episcopal yoke . The city was again walled in 1255; before 1284 it had become a member of the Hanseatic See also:

• LEAGUE

league; and by the end of the 14th century it was practically a powerful See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic, which exercised an effective See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control over the Frisian Ommelande between the Ems and the Lauwers Zee . At the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 14th century the heirs of the Koevorden and van den Hove families sold their rights, first to the town, and then to the bishop .

A struggle followed, in which the city was temporarily worsted; but in 1440 Bishop See also:

• DIRK

Dirk II. finally sold to the city the rights of the see of Utrecht over the Gorecht . The medieval constitution of Groningen, unlike that of Utrecht, was aristocratic . See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

Merchant gild there was none; and the See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft See also:

• GILDS, or GUILDS

gilds were without See also:

• DIRECT

direct See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on the city government, which held them in subjection . Membership of the governing See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, which selected from its own See also:

• BODY

body the four rationales or burgomasters, was confined to men of approved " See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom," and wisdom was measured in terms of See also:

• MONEY

money . This Raad of wealthy burghers gradually monopolized all See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . The bishop's See also:

• BAILIFF

bailiff (schout), with his nominated assessors (scabini), continued to exercise See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction, but members of the Raad sat on the See also:

• BENCH (an O.E. and Eng. form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Bank, Dan. baenk and the Eng. doublet " bank ")

bench with him, and an See also:

• APPEAL

appeal See also:

• LAY

lay from his See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court to the Raad itself . The council was, in fact, supreme in the city, and not in the city only . In 1439 it decreed that no one might trade in all the district between the Ems and the Lauwers Zee except burghers, and those who had See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased the burwal (right of See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence in the city) and the freedom of the gilds . See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian I. assigned Groningen to See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony, hereditary podestat of See also:

• FRIESLAND, or VRIESLAND

Friesland, but the citizens preferred to accept the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of the bishop of Utrecht; and when Albert's son See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George attempted in 1505 to seize the town, they recognized the lordship of Edzart of East Frisia . On George's renewal of hostilities they transferred their See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles of See also:

• GELDERLAND (Guelders)
• GELDERLAND, GELDERS

Gelderland, in 1515 . In 1536 the city passed into the hands of Charles V., and in the great See also:

• WARS

wars of the 16th century suffered all the miseries of See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege and military occupation . From 1581 onwards, Groningen still held by the Spaniards, was constantly at See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with the " Ommelanden " which had declared against the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain .

This See also:

• FEUD

feud continued, in spite of the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of the city in 1594 by See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice of See also:

• NASSAU

Nassau, and of a See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of the States in 1597 which was intended to set them at See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest . In 1672 the town was besieged by the bishop of See also:

• MUNSTER
• MUNSTER, SEBASTIAN (1489-1552)

Munster, but it was successfully defended, and in 1698 its fortifications were improved under See also:

• COEHOORN, MENNO, BARON VAN (1641-1704)

Coehoorn's direction . The See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Republicans planted their See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree of See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty in the Great Market on the 14th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1795, and they continued in authority till the 16th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1814 . The fortifications of the city were doomed to destruction by the law of the 18th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1874 . See C . See also:

• HEGEL, GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH (1770-1831)

Hegel, Stddte and Gilden (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1891); Stokvis, See also:

• MANUEL, EUGENE (1823–1901)
• MANUEL, JACQUES ANTOINE (1775-1827)
• MANUEL, LOUIS PIERRE (1751-1793)

Manuel d'histoire, iii . 496 (See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden, 1890—1893); also S.V. in See also:

• CHEVALIER, ALBERT (1861– )
• CHEVALIER, MICHEL (1806-1879)
• CHEVALIER, ULYSSE (1841– )

Chevalier, Repertoire See also:

• DES

des See also:

• SOURCES

sources Kist. du moyen See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age (Topo-bibliographie)." grom " in the 16th century took the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of an older gome, a See also:

• COMMON

common old See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic word meaning " See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man," and connected with the Latin homo . The Old See also:

• ENGLISH

English word was brydguma, later bridegome . The word survives in the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Brautigam .