See also:

• MARQUIS

MARQUIS DE See also:

• EMMANUEL, or IMMANUEL

EMMANUEL See also:

• MARQUIS DE EMMANUEL GROUCHY (1766-1847)

GROUCHY (1766-1847)  , See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris on the 23rd of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1766 . He entered the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery in 1779, transferred to the See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry in 1782, and to the Gardes du See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps in 1786 . In spite of his aristocratic See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth and his connexions with the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, he was a convinced supporter of the principles of the Revolution, and had in consequence to leave the See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

Guards . About the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the outbreak of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war in 1792 he became See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel of a cavalry See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment, and soon afterwards, as a marechal de See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp, he was sent to serve on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-eastern frontier . In 1793 he distinguished himself in La See also:

• VENDEE
• VENDEE, WARS OF THE

Vendee, and was promoted See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division . See also:

• GROUCHY, EMMANUEL, MARQUIS DE (1766-1847)

Grouchy was shortly afterwards deprived of his See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank as being of See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble birth, but in 1795 he was again placed on the active See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list . He served on the See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff of the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

Army of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland (1796-1797), and took a conspicuous See also:

• PART

part in the Irish expedition . In 1798 he administered the See also:

• CIVIL

civil and military See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont at the time of the See also:

• ABDICATION (Lat. abdicatio, disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one)

abdication of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia, and in 1799 he distinguished himself greatly as a divisional See also:

• COMMANDER

commander in the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign against the Austrians and Russians . In covering the See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat of the French after the defeat of Novi, Grouchy received fourteen wounds and was taken prisoner . On his See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release he returned to France . In spite of his having protested against the coup d'etat of the 18th of See also:

• BRUMAIRE

Brumaire he was at once re-employed by the First See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

Consul, and distinguished himself again at Hohenlinden . It was not See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long before he accepted the new regime in France, and from 18o1 onwards he was employed by See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon in military and See also:

• POLITICAL

political positions of importance .

He served in See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria in 1805, in See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia in 18o6, See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland in 1807, See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain in 18o8, and commanded the cavalry of the Army of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy in 1809 in the See also:

• VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

Viceroy See also:

• EUGENE

Eugene's advance to See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna . In 1812 he was made commander of one of the four cavalry corps of the See also:

• GRAND

Grand Army, and during the retreat from See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow Napoleon appointed him to command the escort See also:

• SQUADRON

squadron, which was composed entirely of picked See also:

• OFFICERS

officers . His almost continuous service with the cavalry led Napoleon to decline in 1813 to See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place Grouchy at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of an army corps, and Grouchy thereupon retired to France . In1814, however, he hastened to take part in the defensive campaign in France, and he was severely wounded at Craonne . At the Restoration he was deprived of the See also:

• POST

post of colonel-general of chasseurs a cheval and retired . He joined Napoleon on his return from See also:

• ELBA (Gr. AiWaXla; Lat. Ilva)

Elba, and was made marshal and peer of France . In the campaign of See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo he commanded the reserve cavalry of the army, and after Ligny he was appointed to command the right wing to pursue the Prussians . The See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march on See also:

• WAVRE

Wavre, its See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on the result of the campaign, and the controversy to which Grouchy's conduct on the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of Waterloo has given rise, are dealt with briefly in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article WATERLOO CAMPAIGN, and at length in nearly every See also:

• WORK

work on the campaign of 1815 . Here it is only necessary to say that on the 17th Grouchy was unable to See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close with the Prussians, and on the 18th, though urged to march towards the See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound of the guns of Waterloo, he permitted himself, from whatever cause, to be held up by a Prussian rearguard while the Prussians and See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• UNITED

united to crush Napoleon . On the 19th Grouchy won a See also:

• SMART, CHRISTOPHER (1722-1771)
• SMART, HENRY (1813–1879)
• SMART, JOHN (c. 1740–1811)
• SMART, SIR GEORGE THOMAS (1776–1867)

smart victory over the Prussians at Wavre, but it was then too See also:

• LATE

late . So far as resistance was possible after the See also:

• GREAT

great disaster, Grouchy made it . He gathered up the wrecks of Napoleon's army, and retired, swiftly and unbroken, to Paris, where, after interposing his reorganized forces between the enemy and the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, he resigned his command into the hands of Marshal See also:

• DAVOUT, LOUIS NICOLAS

Davout .

The See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his See also:

• LIFE

life was spent in defending himself . An See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to have him condemned to See also:

• DEATH

death by a court-See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial failed, but he was exiled and lived in See also:

• AMERICA

America till amnestied in 1821 . On his return to France he was reinstated as general, but not as marshal nor as peer of France . For many years thereafter he was equally an See also:

• OBJECT

object of aversion to the court party, as a member of their own See also:

• CASTE (through the Fr. from Span. and Port. casta, lineage, Lat. cast us, pure)

caste who had followed the Revolution and Napoleon, and to his comrades of the Grand Army as the supposed betrayer of Napoleon . In 183o See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis Philippe gave him back the marshal's See also:

• BATON (Fr. baton, baston, from Late Lat. basto, a stick or staff)

baton and restored him to the Chamber of Peers . He died at St-See also:

• ETIENNE, CHARLES GUILLAUME (1778-1845)

Etienne on the 29th of May 1847 . See See also:

• MARQUIS

Marquis de Grouchy, Memoires du marechal Marquis de Grouchy (Paris, 1873-1874); General Marquis de Grouchy, Le General Grouchy en Mande (Paris, 1866), and Le Marechal Grouchy du 16 au 18 juin, 1815 (Paris, 1864) ; Appel a l'histoire sur See also:

• LES

les faites de l'aile droite de l'armee francaise (Paris, n.d.); Severe See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

Justice sur les fails . . . du 28 juin an 3 juillet, 1815 (Paris, 1866) ; and the literature of the Waterloo campaign . Marshal Grouchy himself wrote the following: Observations sur la relation de la campagne de 1815 See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par le general de See also:

• GOURGAUD, GASPAR, BARON (1783-1852)

Gourgaud (See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia and Paris, 1818) ; Refutation de quelques articles See also:

• DES

des memoires de M. le Duc de See also:

• ROVIGO

Rovigo (Paris, 1829); Fragments historiques relatifs a la campagne et a la bataille de Waterloo (Paris, 1829-183o, in reply to See also:

• BARTHELEMY
• BARTHELEMY, ANATOLE
• BARTHELEMY, AUGUSTE MARSEILLE (1796–1867)
• BARTHELEMY, FRANCOIS, MARQUIS DE (1747 or 1750-1830)
• BARTHELEMY, JEAN JACQUES (1716–1795)

Barthelemy and Wry, and to Marshal See also:

• GERARD (c. 1040-1120)
• GERARD (d. I1o8)
• GERARD, ETIENNE MAURICE, COUNT (1773–1852)
• GERARD, FRANCOIS, BARON (1770-1837)
• GERARD, JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE (1803-1847)
• GERARD, JOHN (1545-1612)
• GERARD, or GIRARD, AUDRAN

Gerard) ; Reclamation du marechal de Grouchy (Paris, 1834) ; Plainte contre le general See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron Berthezene (Berthezene, .formerly a divisional commander under Gerard, stated in reply to this See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence that he had no intention of accusing Grouchy of See also:

• ILL

ill faith) . GROUND-See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ICE,' ice formed at the bottom of streams while the temperature of the See also:

• WATER

water is above freezing-point . Every-thing points to See also:

• RADIATION, THEORY OF

radiation as the See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime cause of the formation of ground-ice . It is formed only under a clear See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky, never in cloudy See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather; it is most readily formed on dark rocks, and never under any covering such as a See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge, and rarely under See also:

• SURFACE

surface-ice .

See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor See also:

• HOWARD (FAMILY)
• HOWARD, CATHERINE (d. 1542)
• HOWARD, JOHN (1726-1790)
• HOWARD, LORD WILLIAM (1563–1640)
• HOWARD, OLIVER OTIS (1830-19o9)
• HOWARD, SIR ROBERT (1626–1698)

Howard T . See also:

• BARNES, ALBERT (1798–1870)
• BARNES, BARNABE (1569 ?–16o9)
• BARNES, JOSHUA (1654-1712)
• BARNES, ROBERT (1495-1540)
• BARNES, SIR EDWARD (1776-1838)
• BARNES, THOMAS (1785-1841)
• BARNES, W
• BARNES, WILLIAM (1800-1886)

Barnes of McGill University concludes that the radiation from a See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed in See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold and clear nights goes through the water in long rays that penetrate much more easily from below upwards than the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun's See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat rays from above down-wards, which are mostly absorbed by the first few feet of water . On a cold clear See also:

• NIGHT

night, therefore, the radiation from the bottom is excessive, and loosely-grown spongy masses of See also:

• ANCHOR (from the Greek ayrcvpa, which Vossius considers is from 6yi17 , a crook or hook)

anchor-ice See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form on the bottom, which on the following See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright sunny day receive just sufficient heat from the sun to detach the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of ' The O . Eng. word grund,ground,is See also:

• COMMON

common to See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages, cf . Du. grond, Ger . Grund, but has no cognates outside Teutonic . The See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion that the origin is to be found in " grind," to crush small, reduce to See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder, is plausible, but the See also:

• PRIMARY

primary meaning seems to be the lowest part or bottom of anything rather than grit, See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand or See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main branches in sense appear to be, first, bottom, as of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea or a river, cf. the use, in the plural, for dregs; second, See also:

• BASE

base or See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation, actual, as of the first or main surface of a See also:

• PAINTING

painting, fabric, &c., or figurative, as of a principle or See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason; third, the surface of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, or a particular part of that surface . ice, which rises to the surface with considerable force . It is probable that owing to surface tension a thin film of stationary water rests upon the boulders and sand over which a stream flows, and that this, becoming frozen owing to radiation, forms the foundation for the anchor-ice and produces a surface upon which the descending frazil-ice (see below) can See also:

• LODGE
• LODGE, EDMUND (1756-1839)
• LODGE, H
• LODGE, HENRY CABOT (1850– )
• LODGE, SIR OLIVER JOSEPH (1851– )
• LODGE, THOMAS (c. 1558–1625)

lodge . The theory of radiation from the boulders is supported by the fact that as the ice is formed upon them in response to a sudden fall in the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air temperature, it is only released under the influence of a strong rise of temperature during the See also:

• MORNING

morning . It may not rise for several days, but the See also:

• ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

advent of bright sunlight is followed by the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance on the surface of masses of ground-ice .

This ice has a spongy texture and frequently carries gravel with it when it rises . It is said that the bottom of See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• ERIE

Erie is strewn with gravel that has been floated down in this way . This " anchor-ice," as it was called by See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian trappers, frequently forms dams across narrow portions of the river where the floating masses are caught . Dr H . See also:

• LANDOR, WALTER SAVAGE (1775-1864)

Landor pointed out that the See also:

• MACKENZIE
• MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER (1822-1892)
• MACKENZIE, HENRY (1745-1831)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER (c. 1755-1820)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER CAMPBELL (1847— )
• MACKENZIE, SIR GEORGE (1636-1691)
• MACKENZIE, SIR MORELL (1837-1892)
• MACKENZIE, WILLIAM LYON (1795-1861)

Mackenzie and See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, which rise in the same region and flow in opposite directions, carry ground-ice from their head-See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters for a considerable distance down stream, and suggested that here and in See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia many forms of See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable and See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal life may be distributed from a centre by this agency, since the material carried by the floating ice would contain the seeds and eggs or larvae of many forms . Besides ground-ice and anchor-ice this formation is called also bottom-ice, ground-gru and lappered ice, the two last names being Scottish . In France it is called glace du fond, in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany Grundeis, and in French See also:

• CANADA

Canada moutonne from the appearance of See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep at rest, since the ice formed at the bottom grows in woolly, spongy masses upon boulders or other projections . " Frazil-ice " is a Canadian See also:

• TERM

term from the French for " forge-cinders." It is surface ice formed in spicules and carried down-wards in water agitated by winds or rapids . The frazil-ice may render swiftly moving water turbid with ice crystals, it may be swirled downwards and accumulated upon the ground ice, or it may be swept under the See also:

• SHEET

sheet of surface-ice, coating the under surface of the sheet to a thickness as great as 8o ft. of loose spicular ice . See W . G . See also:

• THOMPSON
• THOMPSON, FRANCIS (1860-1907)
• THOMPSON, LAUNT (1833-1894)
• THOMPSON, SIR HENRY, BART
• THOMPSON, SIR JOHN SPARROW (1844-1894)
• THOMPSON, THOMAS PERONNET (1783-1869)
• THOMPSON, WILLIAM HEPWORTH (18ro–1886)

Thompson, in Nature, i .

555 (1870) ; H . Landor, in See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

Geological See also:

• MAGAZINE

Magazine, See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade II., vol. iii., p . 459 (1876); H . T . Barnes, Ice Formation with See also:

• SPECIAL

special Reference to Anchor-ice and Frazil (1906) .