See also:

• GUATEMALA (sometimes incorrectly written GUATIMALA)
• GUATEMALA, or GUATEMALA LA NUEVA (i.e. " New Guatemala," sometimes written Nueva Guatemala, and formerly Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala)

GUATEMALA (sometimes incorrectly written GUATIMALA)  , a name now restricted to the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic of See also:

• GUATEMALA (sometimes incorrectly written GUATIMALA)
• GUATEMALA, or GUATEMALA LA NUEVA (i.e. " New Guatemala," sometimes written Nueva Guatemala, and formerly Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala)

Guatemala and to its See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, but formerly given to a captaincy-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• AMERICA

America, which included the fifteen provinces of See also:

• CHIAPAS

Chiapas, Suchitepeques, See also:

• ESCUINTLA

Escuintla, See also:

• SONSONATE

Sonsonate, See also:

• SAN

San See also:

• SALVADOR, or SAN SALVADOR (Republica del Salvador)

Salvador, See also:

• VERA, AUGUSTO (1813-1885)

Vera Paz and Peten, Chiquimula, See also:

• HONDURAS

Honduras, See also:

• NICARAGUA

Nicaragua, See also:

• COSTA, GIOVANNI (1826–1903)
• COSTA, LORENZO (146o-r535)
• COSTA, SIR MICHAEL ANDREW AGNUS (1808-1884)

Costa Rica, See also:

• TOTONICAPAM, or TOTONICAPAN

Totonicapam, See also:

• QUEZALTENANGO

Quezaltenango, See also:

• SOLOLA

Solola, Chimaltenango and Sacatepeques,—or, in other words, the whole of Central America (except See also:

• PANAMA

Panama) and See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico . The name is probably of Aztec origin, and is said by some authorities to mean in its native See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form Quauhtematlan, " See also:

• LAND

Land of the See also:

• EAGLE (Fr. aigle, from the Lat. aquila)

Eagle," or " Land of See also:

• FOREST

Forest "; others, See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing it U-ha-tez-ma-la, connect it with the See also:

• VOLCANO

volcano of Agua (i.e . "See also:

• WATER

water "), and interpret it as " See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain vomiting water." The republic of Guatemala is situated between 13° 42' and 17° 49' N., and 88° to' and 92° 30' W . (For See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map, see CENTRAL AMERICA.) Pop . (1903), 1,842,134; See also:

• AREA

area about 48,250 sq. m . Guatemala is bounded on the W. and N. by Mexico, N.E. by See also:

• BRITISH

British Honduras, E. by the Gulf of Honduras, and the republic of Honduras, S.E. by Salvador and S. by the Pacific Ocean . The frontier towards Mexico was determined by conventions of the 27th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1882, the 17th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1883, the 1st of See also:

• APRIL

April 1895, and the 8th of May 1899 . Starting from the Pacific, it ascends the See also:

• RIVER

river Suchiate, then follows an irregular See also:

• LINE

line towards the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, till it reaches the parallel of 17° 49' N., along which it runs to the frontier of British Honduras . This frontier, by the See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention of the 9th of See also:

• JULY

July 1893, coincides with the See also:

• MERIDIAN
• MERIDIAN (from the Lat. meridianus, pertaining to the south or mid-day)

meridian of 89° 20' W., till it meets the river Sarstoon or Sarstun, which it follows eastwards to the Gulf of Honduras . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Description.—Guatemala is naturally divided into five legions—the lowlands of the Pacific See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, the volcanic mountains )f the Sierra Madre, the so-called plateaus immediately north of these, the mountains of the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic versant and the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain of Peten . (1) The coastal plains extend along the entire See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern seaboard, with a mean breadth of 5o m., and See also:

• LINK

link together the belts of similar territory in Salvador and the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Soconusco in Chiapas . Owing to their tropical See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level, and marshy See also:

• SOIL

soil, they are thinly peopled, and contain few important towns except the seaports .

(2) The precipitous barrier of the Sierra Madre, which closes in the coastal plains on the north, is similarly prolonged into Salvador and Mexico . It is known near Guatemala city as the Sierra de See also:

• LAS

las Nubes, and enters Mexico as the Sierra de Istatan . It forms the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• WATERSHED

watershed between the Pacific and Atlantic river systems . Its See also:

• SUMMIT

summit is not a well-defined See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest, but is often rounded or flattened into a table-land . The direction of the See also:

• GREAT

great volcanic cones, which rise in an irregular line above it, is not identical with the main See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis of the Sierra itself, except near the Mexican frontier, but has a more southerly trend, ,specially towards Salvador; here the See also:

• BASE

base of many of the igneous peaks rests among the southern foothills of the range . It is, however, impossible to subdivide the Sierra Madre into a See also:

• NORTHERN

northern and a volcanic See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain; for the volcanoes are isolated by stretches of comparatively low See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country; at least thirteen considerable streams flow down between them, from the main watershed to the sea . Viewed from the coast, the volcanic cones seem to rise directly from the central heights of the Sierra Madre, above which they See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower; but in reality their bases are, as a See also:

• RULE

rule, farther See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south . East of Tacana, which marks the Mexican frontier, and is variously estimated at 13,976 ft. and 13,090 ft., and if the higher estimate" be correct is the loftiest See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak in Central America, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal 'volcanoes are—Tajamulco or Tajumulco (13,517 ft.); See also:

• SANTA

Santa Maria (12,467 ft.), which was in eruption during 1902, after centuries of quiescence, in which its slopes had been overgrown by dense forests; See also:

• ATITLAN, or SANTIAGO DE ATITLAN

Atitlan (11,719), overlooking the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake of that name; Acatenango (13,615), which shares the claim of Tacana to be the highest mountain of Central .America; Fuego (i.e . " See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire," variously estimated at 12,795 ft. and 12,582 ft.), which received its name from its activity at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the Spanish See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest; Agua (i.e . " water," 12,139 ft.), so named in 1341 because it destroyed the former See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of Guatemala with a See also:

• DELUGE, THE (through the Fr. from Lat. diluvium, flood, diluere, to wash away)

deluge of water from its flooded See also:

• CRATER

crater; and Pacaya (8390), a See also:

• GROUP

group of igneous peaks which were in eruption in 1870 . (3) The so-called plateaus which extend north of the Sierra Madre are in fact high valleys, rather than table-lands, enclosed by mountains . A better See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of this region is conveyed by the native name Altos, or See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands, although that See also:

• TERM

term includes the northern declivity of the Sierra Madre .

The mean elevation is greatest in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west (Altos of Quezaltenango) and least in the east (Altos of Guatemala) . A few of the streams of the Pacific slope actually rise in the Altos, and force a way through the Sierra Madre at the bottom of deep ravines . One large river, the Chixoy, escapes north-wards towards the Atlantic . (4) The See also:

• RELIEF

relief of the mountainous country which lies north of the Altos and drains into the Atlantic is varied by innumerable terraces, ridges and underfalls; but its general configuration is admirably compared by E . See also:

• RECLUS, JEAN JACQUES ELISEE (1830-1905)

Reclus with the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of " a stormy sea breaking into parallel billows " (Universal See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

Geography, ed . E . G . Ravenstein, div. xxxiii., p . 212) . The parallel ranges extend east and west with a slight southerly See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve towards their centres . A range called the Sierra de Chama, which, however, changes its name frequently from See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to place, strikes eastward towards British Honduras, and is connected by low hills with the Cockscomb Mountains; another similar range, the Sierra de Santa Cruz, continues east to Cape Cocoli between the Polochic and the Sarstoon; and a third, the Sierra de las See also:

• MINAS [MINOIDES] (c. 1790-186o)

Minas or, in its eastern portion, Sierra del Mico, stretches between the Polochic and the Motagua . Between Honduras and Guatemala the frontier is formed by the Sierra de Merendon .

(5) The great plain of Peten, which comprises about one-third of the whole area of Guatemala, belongs geographically to the See also:

• YUCATAN

Yucatan See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula, and consists of level or undulating country, covered with grass or forest . Its See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers less than two per sq. m., although many districts have a wonderfully fertile soil and abundance of water . The greater part of this region is uncultivated, and only utilized as pasture by the See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians, who form the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of its inhabitants . Guatemala is richly watered . On the western See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the sierras the versant is See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, and the streams, while very numerous, are consequently small and rapid ; but on the eastern side a number of the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers attain a very considerable development . The Motagua, whose principal See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head stream is called the Rio Grande, has a course of about 250 m., and is navigable to within 90 M. of the capital, which is situated on one of its confluents, the Rio de las Vacas . It forms a See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

delta on the south of the Gulf of Honduras . Of similar importance is the Polochic, which is about 180 m. in length, and navigable about 20 M. above the river-See also:

• PORT

port of Teleman . Before reaching the Golfo Amatique it passes through the Golfo Dulce, or Izabal Lake, and the See also:

• GOLF (in its older forms GOFF, GOUFF or GOWFF, the last of which gives the genuine old pronunciation)

Golf ete Dulce . A vast number of streams, among which are the Chixoy, the Guadalupe, and the Rio de la Pasion, unite to form the Usumacinta, whose See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble current passes along the Mexican frontier, and flowing on through Chiapas and See also:

• TABASCO

Tabasco, falls into the See also:

• BAY

Bay of See also:

• CAMPECHE (CAMPEACHY)
• CAMPECHE, or CAMPECHE DE BARANDA

Campeche . The Chiapas follows a similar course . There are several extensive lakes in Guatemala .

The Lake of Peten or See also:

• LAGUNA, or LA LAGUNA

Laguna de See also:

• FLORES

Flores, in the centre of the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of Peten, is an irregular See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin about 27 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, with an extreme breadth of 13 M . In an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island in the western portion stands Flores, a See also:

• TOWN

town well known to See also:

• AMERICAN

American antiquaries for the number of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient idols which have been recovered from its soil . On the See also:

• SHORE

shore of the lake is the stalactite See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave of Jobitsinal, of great See also:

• LOCAL

local celebrity; and in its depths, according to the popular See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend, may still be discerned the See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image of a See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse that belonged to Cartes . The Golfo Dulce is, as its name implies, a fresh-water lake, although so near the Atlantic . It is about 36 m. long, and would be of considerable value as a See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour if the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar at the mouth of the Rio Dulce did not prevent the upward passge of seafaring vessels . As a contrast the Lake of Atitlan (q.v.) is a land-locked basin en-compassed with lofty mountains . About 9 m . S. of the capital lies the Lake of See also:

• AMATITLAN, or SAN JUAN DE AMATITLAN

Amatitlan (q.v.) with the town of the same name . On the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of Salvador and Guatemala there is the Lake of Guija, about 20 m. long and I2 broad, at a height of 2100 ft. above the sea . It is connected by the river Ostuma with the Lake of Ayarza which lies about moo ft. higher at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the Sierra Madre . The See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology, See also:

• FAUNA

fauna and See also:

• FLORA

flora of Guatemala are discussed under CENTRAL AMERICA . The See also:

• BIRD

bird-See also:

• LIFE

life of the country is remarkably See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich ; one bird of magnificent plumage, the quetzal, quijal or quesal (See also:

• TROGON

Trogon resplendens), has been chosen as the See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• EMBLEM (Gr. Eµ3Xysa, something put in or inserted, from EµfiiXAew, to throw in)

emblem .

See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—The climate is healthy, except on the coasts, where malarial See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever is prevalent . The See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season in the interior lasts from May to October, but on the coast sometimes continues till See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December . The coldest See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month is See also:

• JANUARY

January, and the warmest is May . The See also:

• AVERAGE

average temperatures for these months at places of different altitudes, as given by Dr Karl Sapper, are shown on the following See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page . The average rainfall is very heavy, especially on the Atlantic slope, where the prevailing winds are charged with moisture from the Gulf of Mexico or the Caribbean Sea; at Tual, a high station on the Atlantic slope, it reaches 195 in.; in central Guatemala it is only 27 in . Towards the Atlantic See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain often occurs in the dry season, and there is a local saying near the Golfo Dulce that " it rains thirteen months in the See also:

• YEAR

year." Fogs are not rare . In Guatemala, are thriftless, indolent and inveterate gamblers . Their confradias, or brotherhoods, each with its See also:

• PATRON

patron See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint and male and See also:

• FEMALE

female chiefs, exist largely to organize public festivals, and to See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase wooden masks, costumes and decorations for the dances and dramas in which the Indians delight . These dramas, which See also:

• DEAL

deal with religious and See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical subjects, are of See also:

• INDIAN

Indian origin, and somewhat resemble the See also:

• MYSTERY (Gr. µw(Trilpcov, from tcuvrm, an initiate, µfew, to shut the mouth)

mystery-plays of See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, a resemblance heightened by the introduction, due to Spanish missionaries, of See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints and heroes such as See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne . The Indians are devoted to See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull-fighting and See also:

• COCK, EDWARD (1805-1892)

cock-fighting . Choral singing is a popular amusement, and is accompanied by the Spanish See also:

• GUITAR (Fr. guitarre, Ger. Guitarre, Ital. chitarra, Span. guitarra)

guitar and native See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind-See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments . The Indians have a See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of consuming a yellowish edible See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth containing See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur; on pilgrimages they obtain images moulded of this earth at the shrines they visit, and eat the images as a prophylactic against disease .

See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

Maize, beans and bananas, varied occasionally with dried See also:

• MEAT

meat and fresh pork, form their See also:

• STAPLE

staple See also:

• DIET

diet; See also:

• DRUNKENNESS

drunkenness is See also:

• COMMON

common on pay-days and festivals, when Locality . See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

Altitude See also:

• FAHRENHEIT, GABRIEL DANIEL (1686–1936)

Fahrenheit Degrees . (Feet) . January . May . Puerto Barrios 6 74 8t Salama 3020 68 77 Campur 3050 64 73 Chimax 4280 61 68 Guatemala 4870 60 67 Quezaltenango 7710 50 62 as in other parts of Central America (q.v.), each of the three See also:

• CLIMATIC

climatic zones, See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold, temperate and hot (Sierra fria, tierra templada, tierra caliente) has its See also:

• SPECIAL

special characteristics, and it is not easy to generalize about the climate of the country as a whole . Natural Products.—The minerals discovered in Guatemala include See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, See also:

• SILVER

silver, See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead, See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin, See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper, See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

mercury, See also:

• ANTIMONY (symbol Sb, atomic weight 120.2)

antimony, See also:

• COAL

coal, See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt and sulphur; but it is uncertain if' many of these exist in quantities sufficient to repay exploitation . Gold is obtained at Las Quebradas near Izabal, silver in the departments of Santa See also:

• ROSA, CARL AUGUST NICHOLAS (1843-1889)
• ROSA, MONTE
• ROSA, SALVATOR (1615-1673)

Rosa and Chiquimula, salt in those of Santa Rosa and Alta Vera Paz . During the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century gold-washing was carried on by See also:

• ENGLISH

English miners in the Motagua valley, and is said to have yielded rich profits; hence the name of " Gold Coast " was not infrequently given to the Atlantic littoral near the mouth of the Motagua . The area of forest has only been seriously diminished in the west, and amounted to 2030 sq. m. in 1904 . Besides See also:

• RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber, it yields many valuable dye-See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods and See also:

• CABINET

cabinet-woods, such as See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar, See also:

• MAHOGANY

mahogany and See also:

• LOGWOOD (so called from the form in which it is imported)

logwood . Fruits, See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain and medicinal See also:

• PLANTS

plants are obtained in great abundance, especially where the soil is largely of volcanic origin, as in the Altos and Sierra Madre .

Parts of the Peten district are equally fertile, maize in this region yielding two hundredfold from unmanured soil . The See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable products of Guatemala include See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee, See also:

• COCOA

cocoa, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-See also:

• CANE

cane, bananas, oranges, See also:

• VANILLA

vanilla, aloes, See also:

• AGAVE

agave, See also:

• IPECACUANHA

ipecacuanha, See also:

• CASTOR

castor-oil, See also:

• SARSAPARILLA

sarsaparilla, See also:

• CINCHONA

cinchona, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, See also:

• INDIGO (earlier indico, from Lat. indicum, the Indian sub-stance or dye; the Sans. name was niti, from nila, dark blue, and this through Arab. al-nil, annil, gives " aniline ")

indigo and the See also:

• WAX

wax-plant (Myrica cerifera) . Inhabitants.—The inhabitants of Guatemala, who tend to increase rapidly owing to the high See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth-See also:

• RATE

rate, low mortality, and low rate of See also:

• EMIGRATION (from Lat. emigrare; e, ex, out of, and migrare, to depart)

emigration, numbered in 1903 1,842,134, or more than one-third of the entire population of Central America . Fully 6o% are pure Indians,. and the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder, classed as Ladinos or " Latins " (i.e . Spaniards in speech and mode of life), comprise a large majority of See also:

• HALF

half-castes (mestizos) and civilized Indians and a smaller proportion of whites . It includes a See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign population of about 12,000 Europeans and North Americans, among them being many See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews from the west of the See also:

• UNITED

United States . There are important See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German agricultural settlements, and many colonists from north See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy who are locally called Tiroleses, and despised by the Indians for their See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry and See also:

• THRIFT

thrift . About half the births among the Indians and one-third among the whites are illegitimate . No part of Central America contains a greater diversity of tribes, and in 1883 See also:

• OTTO

Otto Stoll estimated the number of spoken See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages as eighteen, although east of the meridian of Lake Amatitlan the native speech has almost entirely disappeared and been replaced by Spanish . The Indians belong chiefly to the See also:

• MAYA

Maya stock, which predominates throughout Peten, or to the allied See also:

• QUICHE

Quiche See also:

• RACE

race which is well represented in the Altos and central districts . .The Itzas, Mopans, Lacandons, Chols, Pokonchi and the Pokomans who inhabit the large See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of Mixco near the capital, all belong to the Maya See also:

• FAMILY

family; but parts of central and eastern Guatemala are peopled by tribes distinct from the Mayas and not found in Mexico . In the 16th century the Mayas and Quiches had attained a high level of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization (see CENTRAL AMERICA, See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

Archaeology), and at least two of the Guatemalan languages, Quiche and See also:

• CAKCHIQUEL

Cakchiquel, possess the rudiments or the See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of a literature .

The Quiche Popol Vuh, or " See also:

• BOOK

Book of See also:

• HISTORY

History," which was translated into Spanish by the Dominican See also:

• FRIAR (from the Lat. (rater, through the Fr. frere)

friar Ximenes, and edited with a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French version by Brasseur de Bourbourg, is an important document for students of the local myths . In appearance the various Guatemalan tribes differ very little; in almost all the characteristic type of Indian is short but See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular, with low forehead, prominent cheek-bones and straight See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair . In See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character the Indians are, as a rule, peaceable, though conscious of their numerical superiority and at times driven to join in the revolutions which so often disturb the course of local politics; they are often intensely religious, but with a few exceptionslarge quantities of a fiery See also:

• BRANDY

brandy called chicha are consumed . Chief Towns.—The capital of the republic, Guatemala or Guatemala la Nueva (pop . 1905 about 97,000) and the cities of Quezaltenango (31,000), Totonicapam (28,000), Cohan (25,000), Solola (17,000), Escuintla (12,000), See also:

• HUEHUETANANGO (i.e. in the local Indian dialect, " City of the Ancients ")

Huehuetanango (12,000), Amatitlan (to,000) and Atitlan (9000) are described under See also:

• SEPARATE

separate headings . All the chief towns except the seaports are situated within the mountainous region where the climate is temperate . Retalhuleu, among the southern foothills of the Sierra Madre, is one of the centres of coffee See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production, and is connected by See also:

• RAIL

rail with the Pacific port of Champerico, a very unhealthy place in the wet season . Both Retalhuleu and Champerico were, like Quezaltenango, Solola, and other towns, temporarily ruined by the See also:

• EARTHQUAKE

earthquake of the 18th of April 1902 . Santa Cruz Quiche, 25 M . N.E. of Totonicapam, was formerly the capital of the Quiche See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, but has now a Ladino population . See also:

• LIVINGSTON, EDWARD (1764–1836)
• LIVINGSTON, ROBERT R
• LIVINGSTON, WILLIAM (1723-1790)

Livingston, a seaport at the mouth of the Polochic (here called the Rio Dulce), was founded in 1806, and subsequently named after the author of a See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code of Guatemalan See also:

• LAWS

laws; few vestiges remain of the Spanish settlement of Sevilla la Nueva, founded in 1844, and of the English See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of Abbotsville, founded in 1825,—both near Livingston . La See also:

• LIBERTAD, or LA LIBERTAD

Libertad, also called by its Indian name of Sacluc, is the principal town of Peten .

See also:

• SHIPPING

Shipping and Communications.—The republic is in See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam communication on the Atlantic side with New See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans, New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York and See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg, by vessels .which visit the ports of Barrios (Santo Tomas) and Livingston . On the southern side the ports of San Jose, Champerico and Oc6s are visited by the Pacific See also:

• MAIL

mail steamers, by the vessels of a Hamburg See also:

• COMPANY

company and by those of the South American (Chilean) and the Pacific Steam See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

Navigation Companies . Iztapa, formerly the principal harbour on the south coast, has been almost entirely abandoned since 1853 . Gualan, on the Motagua, and Panzos, on the Polochic, are small river-ports . The principal towns are connected by See also:

• WAGON, or WAGGON

wagon roads, towards the construction and See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of which each male inhabitant is required to pay two pesos or give four days' See also:

• WORK

work a year . There are See also:

• COACH (through the Fr. coche, originally from the Magyar kocsi, an adjective from the Hungarian place named Kocs, between Raab and Buda, i.e. the sort of vehicle used there in the 15th century)

coach routes between the capital and Quezaltenango, but over a great portion of the country transport is still on See also:

• MULE (Lat. mulus)

mule-back . All the railway lines have been built since 1875 . The main lines are the Southern, belonging to an American company and See also:

• RUNNING

running from San Jose to the capital; the Northern, a See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government line from the capital to Puerto Barrios, which completes the interoceanic railroad; and the Western, from Champerico to Quezaltenango, belonging to a Guatemalan company, but largely under German management . For local See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic there are several lines; one from Iztapa, near San Jose, to Naranjo, and another from Ochs to the western coffee plantations . On the Atlantic slope transport is effected mainly by river See also:

• TOW

tow-boats from Livingston along the Golfo Dulce and other lakes, and the Polochic river as far as Panzos . The narrow-See also:

• GAUGE, or GAGE (Med. Lat. gauja, jaugia, Fr. jauge, perhaps connected with Fr. jale, a bowl, galon, gallon)

gauge railway that serves the German plantations in the Vera Paz region is largely owned by Germans . Guatemala joined the Postal See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union in 1881; but its postal and telegraphic services have suffered greatly from See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial difficulties .

The telephonic systems of Guatemala la Nueva, Quezaltenango and other cities are owned by private companies . See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce and Industry.—The natural resources of Guatemala are rich but undeveloped; and the capital necessary for their development is not easily obtained in a country where See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, re-volution and economic crises recur at frequent intervals, where the See also:

• PREMIUM (Lat. praemium, profit, reward, prae+emere, to buy)

premium on gold has varied by no less than 500% in a single year, and where many of the wealthiest cities and agricultural districts have been destroyed by earthquake in one See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day (18th of April 1902) . At the beginning of the 19th century, Guatemala had practically no export See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade; but between 1825 and 1850 See also:

• COCHINEAL

cochineal was largely exported, the centre of production being the Amatitlan district . This industry was ruined by the competition of chemical dyes, and a substitute was found in the cultivation of coffee . is elected in a similar manner, but for 6 years, and he is theoretic-ally not eligible for the following term . He is assisted by 6 ministers, heads of government departments, and by a See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of 13 members, partly appointed by himself and partly by the national See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly . Local Government.—Each of the twenty-two departments is administered by an See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official called a jefe politico, or See also:

• POLITICAL

political chief, appointed by the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president, and each is subdivided into municipal districts . These districts are administered by one or more alcaldes or mayors, assisted by municipal See also:

• COUNCILS

councils, both alcaldes and councils being chosen by the See also:

• PEOPLE

people . See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

Justice.—The judicial. See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power is vested in a supreme See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, consisting of a chief justice and four See also:

• ASSOCIATE (Lat. associates, from ad, to, and sociare to join)

associate justices elected by the people; six See also:

• APPEAL

appeal courts, each with three See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges, also elected by the people; and twenty-six courts of first instance, each consisting of one See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge appointed by the president and two by the chief justice of the supreme court . See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

Religion and Instruction.—The prevailing form of religion is the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic, but the state recognizes no distinction of creed . The See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of conventual or monastic institutions is prohibited . Of the population in 1893, 90% could neither read nor write, 2 % could only read, and 8% could read and write .

See also:

• PRIMARY

Primary instruction is nominally compulsory, and, in government See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, is provided at the cost of the state . In 1903 there were 1064 government primary schools . There are besides about 128 private (occasionally aided) schools of similar character, owners of plantations on which there are more than ten See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children being obliged to provide school See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation . Higher instruction is given in two national institutes at the capital, one for men with 500 pupils and one for See also:

• WOMEN

women with 300 . At Quezaltenango there are two similar institutes, and at Chiquimula there are other two . To each of the six there is a school for teachers attached, and within the republic there are four other schools for teachers . For professional instruction (See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine, See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering) there are schools supported by private funds, but aided occasionally by the government . Other educational establishments are a school of See also:

• ART

art, a national conservatory of See also:

• MUSIC

music, a commercial See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college, four trades' schools with more than 600 pupils and a national library . There is a German school, endowed by the German government . See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

Defence.—For the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white and mixed population military service is compulsory; from the eighteenth to the thirtieth year of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age in the active See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, and from the thirtieth to the fiftieth in the reserve . The effective force of the active army is 56,900, of the reserve 29,400 . About 7000 See also:

• OFFICERS

officers and men are kept in regular service .

Military training is given in all public and most private schools . History.—Guatemala was conquered by the Spaniards under Pedro de See also:

• ALVARADO, PEDRO DE (1495-1541)

Alvarado between 1522 and 1524 . Up to the years 1837-1839 its history differs only in See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor details from that of the neighbouring states of Central America (q.v.) . The colonial See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period was marked by the destruction of the ancient Indian civilization, the extermination of many entire tribes, and the enslavement of the survivors, who were exploited to the utmost for the benefit of Spanish officials and adventurers . But although the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration was weak, corrupt and cruel, it succeeded in establishing the Roman Catholic religion, and in introducing the Spanish See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language among the Indians and Ladinos, who thus obtained a See also:

• TINCTURE (Fr. teinture, Lat. tinctura, tingere, to dye, stain)

tincture of civilization and ultimately a See also:

• DESIRE

desire for more liberal institutions . The Central American provinces revolted in 1821, were annexed to the Mexican See also:

• EMPIRE

empire of See also:

• ITURBIDE (or YTURBIDE), AUGUSTIN DE (1783-1824)

Iturbide from 1822 to 1823, and united to form a federal republic from 1823 to 1839 . In Guatemala the Clerical, Conservative or See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-Federal party was supreme; after a protracted struggle it over-threw the Liberals or Federalists, and declared the country an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent republic, with Rafael See also:

• CARRERA, JOSE MIGUEL (1785-1821)

Carrera (1814-1865) as president . In 1845 an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to restore the federal union failed; in 1851 Carrera defeated the Federalist forces of Honduras and Salvador at La Arada near Chiquimula, and was recognized as the pacificator of the republic . In 1851 a new constitution was promulgated, and Carrera was appointed president till 1856, a dignity which was in 1854 bestowed upon him for life . His Guatemala is surpassed only by See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil and the East Indies in the quantity of coffee it exports . The chief plantations are owned and managed by Germans; more than half of the See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop is sent to See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, while three-fifths of the remainder go to the United States and one-fifth to Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain . The average yearly product is about 70,000,000 lb, See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth approximately £I,300,000, and subject to an export See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of one gold See also:

• DOLLAR

dollar (4s.) per quintal (Tot lb) .

Sugar, bananas, tobacco and cocoa are also cultivated; but much of the sugar and bananas, most of the cocoa, and all the tobacco are consumed in the country . During the colonial period, the cocoa of western Guatemala and Soconusco was reserved on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of its See also:

• FINE

fine flavour for the Spanish court . The indigo and See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton plantations yield little profit, owing to foreign competition, and have in most cases been converted to other uses . The cultivation of bananas tends to increase, though more slowly than in other Central American countries . Grain, sweet potatoes and beans are grown for See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption . See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

Cattle-farming is carried on in the high pasture-lands and the plains of Peten; but the whole number of See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep (77,000 in 1900) and pigs (30,000) in the republic is inferior to the number kept in many single English counties . Much of the See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool is sold, like the native cotton, to Indian and Ladino women, who manufacture coarse See also:

• CLOTH

cloth and See also:

• LINEN

linen in their homes . By the Land See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of 1894 the state domains, except on the coasts and frontiers, were divided into lots for See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale . The largest holding tenable by one See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person under this act was fixed at 50 caballerias, or 5625 acres; the See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price varies from L40 to £8o per caballeria of 1121 acres . See also:

• FREE

Free grants of uncultivated land are sometimes made to immigrants (including foreign companies), to persons who undertake to build roads or See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways through their allotments, to towns, villages and schools . The See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the Indians on the plantations is often akin to See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery, owing to the See also:

• SYSTEM

system adopted by some planters of making payments in advance; for the Indians soon spend their earnings, and thus See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract debts which can only be repaid by long service . In addition to the breweries, See also:

• RUM
• RUM (according to Skeat, a corruption of Malay brum or bram; the adjective " rum," i.e. " queer," being a distinct word, in Gipsy rem)

rum and brandy distilleries, sugar See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills and tobacco factories, which are sometimes worked as adjuncts to the plantations, there are many purely See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries, such as the manufacture of woollen and cotton goods on a large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale, and manufactures of See also:

• BUILDING

building material and See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture; but these industries are far less important than See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture .

During the five years 1900 to 1904 inclusive, the average value of Guatemalan imports, which consisted chiefly of textiles, See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and machinery, sacks, provisions, See also:

• FLOUR

flour, See also:

• BEER

beer, See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine and See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, amounted to £776,000; about one-half came from the United States, and nearly one-See also:

• FOURTH

fourth from the United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom . The exports during the same period had an average value of £1,528,000, and ranked as follows in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of value: coffee (LI,3oo,000), See also:

• TIMBER

timber, hides, rubber, sugar, bananas, cocoa . See also:

• FINANCE

Finance.—Within the republic there are six See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of issue, to which the government is deeply indebted . There is practically neither gold nor silver in circulation, and the value of the See also:

• BANK

bank-notes is so fluctuating that trade is seriously hampered . On the 25th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1903, the issue of bank-notes without a See also:

• GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee was restricted; and thenceforward all banks were compelled to retain gold or silver to the value of to % of the notes issued in 1904, 20% in 1905 and 3o% in 1906 . This reform has not, to any appreciable extent, rendered more See also:

• STABLE

stable the value of the notes issued . The silver peso, or dollar, of Too centavas is the monetary unit, weighs 25 grammes .900 fine, and has a nominal value of 4s . Being no longer current it has been replaced by the See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper peso . The See also:

• NICKEL
• NICKEL (symbol Ni, atomic weight 58.68 (0=16))

nickel coins include the real (nominal value 6d.), half-real and See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter-real . The metric system of weights and See also:

• MEASURES

measures has been adopted, but the old Spanish See also:

• STANDARDS

standards remain in general use . Of the See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue, about 64% is derived from customs and See also:

• EXCISE (derived through the Dutch, excijs or accijs, possibly from Late Lat. accensare,—ad, to, and census, tax; the word owes something to a confusion with excisum, cut out)

excise; 9% from See also:

• PROPERTY

property, road, military, slaughter and salt taxes; 1.7 % from the See also:

• GUNPOWDER

gunpowder See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly; and the remainder from various taxes, stamps, government lands, and postal and See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph services . The estimated revenue for 1905–1906 was 23,000,000 pesos (about L328,500); the estimated See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure was 27,317,659 pesos (£390,200), of which £242,800 were allotted to the public See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt, L42,000 to See also:

• INTERNAL

internal development and justice, L29,000 to the army and the remainder largely to See also:

• EDUCATION

education .

The gold value of the currency peso (7J=£1 in 1903, 70=£1 in 1904, 58 =--£l in 1905) fluctuates between limits so wide that See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion into See also:

• STERLING
• STERLING, ANTOINETTE (d. 1904)
• STERLING, JOHN (1806-1844)

sterling (especially for a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of years), with any pretension to accuracy, is impracticable . In 1899 the rate of See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange moved between 710% and 2o6% premium on gold . According .to the official statement, the gold debt, which runs chiefly at 4% and is held in Germany and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, amounted to £1,987,905 on the 1st of January 1905; the currency debt (See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note issues, internal loans, &c.) amounted to £704,730; See also:

• TOTAL

total £2,692,635, a decrease since 1900 of about L3oo,000 . Government.—According to the constitution of December 1879 (modified in 1885, 1887, 1889 and 1903) the legislative power is vested in a national assembly of 69 deputies (1 for every 20,000 inhabitants) chosen for 4 years by See also:

• DIRECT

direct popular See also:

• VOTE

vote, under universal manhood See also:

• SUFFRAGE (Lat. suffragium)

suffrage . The president of the republic rivalry with Gerardo Barrios (d. x865), president of Salvador, resulted in open war in 1863 . At Coatepeque the Guatemalans suffered a severe defeat, which was followed by a truce . Honduras now joined with Salvador, and Nicaragua and Costa Rica with Guatemala . The contest was finally settled in favour of Carrera, who besieged and occupied San Salvador and made himself dominant also in Honduras and Nicaragua . During the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his rule, which lasted till his See also:

• DEATH

death in April 1865, he continued to act in See also:

• CONCERT (through the French from Lat. con-, with, and certare, to strive)

concert with the Clerical party, and endeavoured to maintain friendly relations with the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European governments . Carrera's successor was General Cerna, who had been recommended by him for See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election . The Liberal party began to rise in See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence about 1870, and in May 1871 Cerna was deposed . The See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of Guatemala and the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits were driven into See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile as intriguers in the interests of the Clericals .

Pres . Rufino Barrios (1835–1885), elected in 1873, governed the country after the manner of a See also:

• DICTATOR (from the Lat. dictare, frequentative of dicere, to speak)

dictator; he expelled the Jesuits, confiscated their property and disestablished and disendowed the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church . But though he encouraged education, promoted railway and other enterprises, and succeeded in settling difficulties as to the Mexican boundary, the general result of his policy was baneful . Conspiracies against him were rife, and in 1884 he narrowly escaped assassination . His ambition .was to be the restorer of the federal union of the Central American states, and when his efforts towards this end by peaceful means failed he had recourse to the See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword . Counting on the support of Honduras and Salvador, he proclaimed himself, in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1885, the supreme military chief of Central America, and claimed the command of all the forces within the five states . President Zaldfvar, of Salvador, had been his friend, but after the issue of the See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of union he entered into a defensive See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with Costa Rica and Nicaragua . In See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March Barrios invaded Salvador, and on the 2nd of April a See also:

• BATTLE

battle was fought, in which the Guatemalan president was killed . He was succeeded by General See also:

• MANUEL, EUGENE (1823–1901)
• MANUEL, JACQUES ANTOINE (1775-1827)
• MANUEL, LOUIS PIERRE (1751-1793)

Manuel Barillas .. No further effort was made to force on the union, and on the 16th of April the war was formally ended . See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

Peace, however, only provided opportunity for domestic See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy, with assassination and revolution in view . In 1892 General Jose Maria Reina Barrios was elected president, and in 1897 he was re-elected; but on the 8th of February 1898 he was assassinated .

Senor Morales, See also:

• VICE

vice-president, succeeded him; but in the same year See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don Manuel See also:

• ESTRADA, LA

Estrada See also:

• CABRERA, RAMON (1806-1877)

Cabrera (b . 1857) was elected president for the term ending 1905 . Cabrera promoted education, commerce and the improvement of communications, but his re-election for the term 1905–1911 caused widespread discontent . He was charged with aiming at a dictatorship, with permitting or even encouraging the imprisonment, See also:

• TORTURE (from Lat. torquere, to twist)

torture and See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution without trial of political opponents, with maladministration of the finances and with aggression against the neighbouring states . A well-armed force, which included a See also:

• BODY

body of adventurers from San Francisco (U.S.A.) was organized by General Barillas, the ex-president, and invaded Guatemala in March 1906 from Mexico, British Honduras and Salvador . Barillas (1845-1907) proclaimed his intention of establishing a silver currency, and gained, to a great extent, the sympathy of the German and British residents; he had been the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole Guatemalan president who had not sought to prolong his own See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure of See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office . Ocos was captured by his See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant, General See also:

• CASTILLO

Castillo, and the revolution speedily became a war, in which Honduras, Costa Rica and Salvador were openly involved against Guatemala, while Nicaragua was hostile . But Cabrera held his ground, and even gained several indecisive victories . The intervention of President See also:

• ROOSEVELT, THEODORE (1858— )

Roosevelt and of President See also:

• DIAZ, NARCISSE VIRGILIO (18(38-1876)
• DIAZ, PORFIRIO (183o– )

Diaz of Mexico brought about an See also:

• ARMISTICE (from Lat. arma, arms, and sistere, to stop)

armistice on the 19th of July, and the so-called " See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

Marble-head Pact " was signed on the following day on See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board the United States cruiser " See also:

• MARBLEHEAD

Marblehead." Its terms were embodied in a treaty signed (28th of September) by representatives of the four belligerent states, Nicaragua taking no part in the negotiations . The treaty included regulations for the improvement of commerce and navigation in the area affected by the war, and provided for the settlement of subsequent disputes by the See also:

• ARBITRATION (Lat. arbitrari, to examine or judge)
• ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL

arbitration of the United States and Mexico .