See also:

• GUAYAQUIL, or SANTIAGO DE GUAYAQUIL

GUAYAQUIL, or See also:

• SANTIAGO, or SANTIAGO DE CHILE

SANTIAGO DE GUAYAQUIL  , a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and See also:

• PORT

port of See also:

• ECUADOR (officially La Republica del Ecuador)

Ecuador, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• GUAYAS, or EL GUAYAS

Guayas, on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the Guayas See also:

• RIVER

river, 33 M. above its entrance into the Gulf of See also:

• GUAYAQUIL, or SANTIAGO DE GUAYAQUIL

Guayaquil, in 2° 12' S., 79° 51' W . Pop . (1890) 44,772; (1897, estimate) 51,000, mostly See also:

• HALF

half-breeds . The city is built on a comparatively level pajonal or See also:

• SAVANNA

savanna, extending See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward from the See also:

• BASE

base of three See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low hills, called Los Cerros de la Cruz, between the river and the partially filled See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the Estero Salado . It is about 30 ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level, and the See also:

• LOWER

lower parts of the See also:

• TOWN

town are partially flooded in the See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season . The old town is the upper or See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• PART

part, and is inhabited by the poorer classes, its streets being badly paved, crooked, undrained, dirty and pestilential . The See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire of 1896 destroyed a large part of the old town, and some of its insanitary conditions were improved in rebuilding . The new town, or See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern part, is the business and residential. See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of the better classes, but the buildings are chiefly of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood and the streets are provided with See also:

• SURFACE

surface drainage only . Among the public buildings are the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor's and See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop's palaces, town-See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral and 9 churches, See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college, episcopal See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary and See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law and See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine, See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, two hospitals, See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, and several asylums and charitable institutions . Guayaquil is also the seat of a university See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation with faculties of law and medicine . A peculiarity of Guayaquil is that the upper floors in the business streets project over the walks, forming covered arcades . The See also:

• YEAR

year is divided into a wet and dry season, the former from See also:

• JANUARY

January to See also:

• JUNE

June, when the hot days are followed by nights of drenching See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain .

The mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature is about 82° to 83° F.; malarial and bilious fevers are See also:

• COMMON

common, the latter being known as " Guayaquil See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever," and epidemics of yellow fever are frequent . The dry or summer season is considered pleasant and healthy . The See also:

• WATER

water-See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply is now brought in through See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron mains from the Cordilleras 53 M. distant . The mains pass under the Guayas river and See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge into a large distributing See also:

• RESERVOIR

reservoir on one of the hills N. of the city . The city is provided with See also:

• TRAMWAY

tramway and See also:

• TELEPHONE (Gr. rjXs, far, and dxwvr7, voice)

telephone services, the streets are lighted with See also:

• GAS

gas and See also:

• ELECTRICITY

electricity, and See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph communication with the outside See also:

• WORLD

world is maintained by means of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

Coast See also:

• CABLE (from Late Lat. capulum, a halter, from capere, to take hold of)
• CABLE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1844– )

cable, which lands at the small port of See also:

• SANTA

Santa Elena, on the Pacific coast, about 65 m . W. of Guayaquil . Railway connexion with See also:

• QUITO

Quito (290 m.) was established in June 1908 . There is also steamboat connexion with the producing districts of the province on the Guayas river and its tributaries, on which boats run regularly as far up as Bodegas (8o m.) in the dry season, and for a distance of 40 M. on the Daule . For smaller boats there are about 200 M. of See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation on this See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers . The exports of the province are almost wholly transported on these rivers, and are shipped either at Guayaquil, or at Puna, its deep-water port, 62 m. outside the Guayas See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar, on the E. end of Puna See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island . The Guayas river is navigable up to Guayaquil for steamers See also:

• DRAWING

drawing 22 ft. of water; larger vessels See also:

• ANCHOR (from the Greek ayrcvpa, which Vossius considers is from 6yi17 , a crook or hook)

anchor at Puna, 40 M. from Guayaquil, where cargoes and passengers are transferred to lighters and tenders . There is a See also:

• QUAY
• QUAY, MATTHEW STANLEY (1833-1904)

quay on the river front, but the See also:

• DEPTH

depth alongside does not exceed 18 ft .

The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal exports are cacao, See also:

• RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber, See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, hides, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, See also:

• PANAMA

Panama hats, See also:

• CINCHONA

cinchona bark and See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory nuts, the value of all exports for the year 1905 being 14,148,877 sucres, in a See also:

• TOTAL

total of 18,565,668 sucres for the whole See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic . In rgo8 the exports were: cacao, about 64,000,000 lb, valued at $6,400,000; hides, valued at $135,000; rubber, valued at $235,000; coffee, valued at $273,000; and See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable ivory, valued at $ro2,000 . There are some small See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries in the city, including a shipyard, saw-See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills, foundry, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar refineries, cotton and woollen mills, brewery, and manufactures of See also:

• SOAP

soap, cigars, See also:

• CHOCOLATE

chocolate, See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice, soda-water and See also:

• LIQUEURS

liqueurs . See also:

• SANTIAGO, or SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Santiago de Guayaquil was founded on St See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James's See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, the 25th of See also:

• JULY

July 1535, by See also:

• SEBASTIAN
• SEBASTIAN, ST

Sebastian de Benalcazar, but was twice abandoned before its permanent See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement in 1537 by See also:

• FRANCESCO
• FRANCESCO, 210

Francesco de Orellana . It was captured and sacked several times in the 17th and 18th centuries by pirates and freebooters—by See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob See also:

• CLARK, FRANCIS EDWARD (1851- )
• CLARK, GEORGE ROGERS (1752—1818)
• CLARK, JOHN BATES (1847— )
• CLARK, JOSIAH LATIMER (1822—1898)
• CLARK, SIR ANDREW
• CLARK, SIR JAMES (1788—1870)
• CLARK, THOMAS (1801—1867)
• CLARK, WILLIAM (1770-1838)
• CLARK, WILLIAM GEORGE (1821—1878)

Clark in 1624, by See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French pirates in 1686, by See also:

• ENGLISH

English freebooters under See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David in 1687, by See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• DAMPIER, WILLIAM (1652-1715)

Dampier in 1707 and by See also:

• CLAPPERTON, HUGH (1788-1827)

Clapperton in 1709 . Defensive See also:

• WORKS

works were erected in 1730, and in 1763, when the town was made a governor's See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence, a See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle and other fortifications were constructed . Owing to the flimsy construction of its buildings Guayaquil has been repeatedly burned, the greater fires occurring in 1707, 1764, 1865, 1896 and 1899 . The city was made the see of a bishopricis one of the best on the W. coast of See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico, and the port is a principal outlet for the products of the large See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of Sonora . The town stands on a small, arid See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, nearly shut in by mountains, and has a very hot, dry See also:

• CLIMATE

climate . It is connected with the See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways of the See also:

• UNITED

United States by a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Southern Pacific from See also:

• BENSON, EDWARD WHITE (182g—1896)
• BENSON, FRANCIS ROBERT (1858— )
• BENSON, FRANK WESTON (1862— )
• BENSON, GEORGE (1699–1762)

Benson, See also:

• ARIZONA (from the Spanish-Indian Arizonac, of unknown meaning,—possibly " few springs,"-the name of an 18th-century mining camp in the Santa Cruz valley, just S. of the present border of Arizona)

Arizona, and is 230 M . S. by W. of the frontier town of Nogales, where that See also:

• LINE

line enters Mexico . The exports include See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, See also:

• SILVER

silver, hides and pearls .