See also:

• GUIBERT (1053–1124)
• GUIBERT, JACQUES ANTOINE HIPPOLYTE, COMTE DE (1743–1790)
• GUIBERT, or WIBERT (c. 1o30–1100)

GUIBERT, or WIBERT (c. 1o30–1100)  , of See also:

• RAVENNA
• RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF

Ravenna, antipope under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement III. from the 25th of See also:

• JUNE

June ro8o until See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September lido, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• PARMA

Parma between 1020 and 1030 of the See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble imperialist See also:

• FAMILY

family, Corregio . He entered the See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest-See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood and was appointed by the empress See also:

• AGNES, SAINT

Agnes, See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor and, after the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor II . (10J7), imperial See also:

• VICAR (Lat. vicarius, substitute)

vicar in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . He strove to uphold the imperial authority during See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry IV.'s minority, and presided over the See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod at See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel (See also:

• ROTA, COURT OF

rota) which annulled the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander II. and created in the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of Cadalous, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Parma, the antipope See also:

• HONORIUS
• HONORIUS, FLAVIUS (384-423)

Honorius II . See also:

• GUIBERT (1053–1124)
• GUIBERT, JACQUES ANTOINE HIPPOLYTE, COMTE DE (1743–1790)
• GUIBERT, or WIBERT (c. 1o30–1100)

Guibert lost the chancellorship in Io62 . In 1073, through the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Empress Agnes and the support of See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal See also:

• HILDEBRAND, LAY OF (Deis Hildebrandslied)

Hildebrand, he obtained the archbishopric of Ravenna and swore fealty to Alexander II. and his successors . He seems to have been at first on friendly terms with See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory VII., but soon quarrelled with him over the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• IMOLA (anc. Forum Cornelii)

Imola, and'henceforth was recognized as the soul of the imperial See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction in the See also:

• INVESTITURE (Late Lat. investitura)

investiture contest . He allied himself with Cencius, Cardinal Candidus and other opponents of Gregory at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, and, on his refusal to furnish troops or to attend the Lenten synod of 1075, he was ecclesiastically suspended by the pope . He was probably excommunicated at the synod of See also:

• WORMS

Worms(IO76) with other Lombard bishops who sided with Henry IV., and at the Lenten synod of 1078 he was banned by name . The See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, having been excommunicated for the second See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March io8o, convened nineteen bishops of his party at See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz on the 31st of May, who pronounced the deposition of Gregory; and on the 25th of June he caused Guibert to be elected pope by See also:

• THIRTY

thirty bishops assembled at See also:

• BRIXEN (Ital. Bressanone)

Brixen . Guibert, whilst retaining possession of his archbishopric, accompanied his imperial See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master on most of the latter's military expeditions . Having gained Rome, he was installed in the Lateran and consecrated as Clement III. on the 24th of March 1084 .

One See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week later, on See also:

• EASTER

Easter See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday, he crowned Henry IV. and Bertha in St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter's . Clement survived not only Gregory VII. but also Victor III. and See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

Urban II., maintaining his title to the end and in See also:

• GREAT

great measure his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power over Rome and the adjoining regions . See also:

• EXCOMMUNICATION (Lat. ex, out of, away from; communis, common)

Excommunication was pronounced against him by all his rivals . He was driven out of Rome finally by crusaders in 1097, and sought See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in various fortresses on his own estates . St Angelo, the last Guibertist stronghold in Rome, See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to Urban II. on the 24th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1098 . Clement, on the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

• PASCHAL (Paschalis)

Paschal II. in 1099, prepared to renew his struggle but was driven from Albano by See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman troops and died at Civita Castellana in September 'too . His ashes, which were said by his followers to have worked miracles, were thrown into the See also:

• WATER

water by Paschal II . See J . Langan, Geschichte der romischen Kirche von Gregor VII. bis See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent III . (See also:

• BONN

Bonn, 1893) ; Jaffe-See also:

• WATTENBACH, WILHELM (1819–1897)

Wattenbach, Regesta pontif . See also:

• ROMAN

Roman . (2nd ed., 1885–1888) ; K .

J. von See also:

• HEFELE, KARL JOSEF VON (1809-1893)

Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, vol. v . (2nd ed.) ; F . See also:

• GREGOROVIUS, FERDINAND (1821-1891)

Gregorovius, Rome in the See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Ages, vol. iv., trans. by Mrs G . W . See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1900–1902); and O . Kohncke, Wibert von Ravenna (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1888) . (C . H . HA.) .