See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

COMTE DE LUC URBAIN DE BOUEXIC See also:

• COMTE DE LUC URBAIN DE BOUEXIC GUICHEN (1712—1790)

GUICHEN (1712—1790)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• ADMIRAL

admiral, entered the See also:

• NAVY

navy in 1730 as " garde de la Marine," the first See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank in the See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps of royal See also:

• OFFICERS

officers . His See also:

• PRO

pro-See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion was not rapid . It was not till 1748 that he became " See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant de vaisseau," which was, however, a somewhat higher rank than the lieutenant in the See also:

• BRITISH

British navy, since it carried with it the right to command a See also:

• FRIGATE

frigate . He was " capitaine de vaisseau," or See also:

• POST

post See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain, in 1756 . But his reputation must have been See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good, for he was made See also:

• CHEVALIER, ALBERT (1861– )
• CHEVALIER, MICHEL (1806-1879)
• CHEVALIER, ULYSSE (1841– )

chevalier de See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis in 1748 . In 1775 he was appointed to the frigate "Terpsichore," attached to the training See also:

• SQUADRON

squadron, in which the duc de See also:

• CHARTRES

Chartres, afterwards notorious as the duc d'See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans and as Philippe Egalite, was entered as volunteer . In the next See also:

• YEAR

year he was promoted chef d'escadre, or See also:

• REAR

rear-admiral . When See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France had become the ally of the Americans in the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence, he hoisted his See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag in the Channel See also:

• FLEET

fleet, and was See also:

• PRESENT

present at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• USHANT (Fr. Ouessant)

Ushant on the 27th of See also:

• JULY

July 1779 . In See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March of the following year he was sent to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Indies with a strong squadron and was there opposed to See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• RODNEY, GEORGE BRYDGES RODNEY, BARON (1718—1792)

Rodney . In the first See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting between them on the 17th of See also:

• APRIL

April to leeward of See also:

• MARTINIQUE

Martinique, See also:

• GUICHEN, LUC URBAIN DE BOUEXIC, COMTE DE (1712—1790)

Guichen escaped disaster only through the clumsy mariner in which Sir George's orders were executed by his captains . Seeing that he had to See also:

• DEAL

deal with a formidable opponent, Guichen acted with extreme caution, and by keeping the See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather See also:

• GAUGE, or GAGE (Med. Lat. gauja, jaugia, Fr. jauge, perhaps connected with Fr. jale, a bowl, galon, gallon)

gauge afforded the British admiral no See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of bringing him to See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close See also:

• ACTION

action . When the See also:

• HURRICANE

hurricane months approached (July to See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September) he See also:

• LEFT

left the West Indies, and his squadron, being in a See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state from want of See also:

• REPAIRS (from Lat. reparare, to make ready again)

repairs, returned See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, reaching See also:

• BREST

Brest in September .

Throughout all this See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign Guichen had shown himself very skilful in handling a fleet; and if he had not gained any marked success, he had prevented the British admiral from doing any harm to the French islands in the See also:

• ANTILLES

Antilles . In See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1781 the See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte de Guichen was chosen to command the force which was entrusted with the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of carrying stores and reinforcements to the West Indies . On the 12th Admiral See also:

• KEMPENFELT, RICHARD (1718-1782)

Kempenfelt, who had been sent out by the British See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government with an unduly weak force to intercept him, sighted the French admiral in the See also:

• BAY

Bay of See also:

• BISCAY (Vizcaya)
• BISCAY, BAY OF (Fr. Golfe de Gascogne; Sp. Golfo de Vizcaya)

Biscay through a temporary clearance in a See also:

• FOG

fog, at a moment when Guichen's warships were to leeward of the See also:

• CONVOY

convoy, and attacked the transports at once . The French admiral could not prevent his enemy from capturing twenty of the transports, and See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving the others into a panic-stricken See also:

• FLIGHT

flight . They returned to See also:

• PORT

port, and the See also:

• MISSION

mission entrusted to Guichen was entirely defeated . He therefore returned to port also . He had no opportunity to gain any counterbalancing success during the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of the war, but he was present at the final See also:

• RELIEF

relief of See also:

• GIBRALTAR

Gibraltar by See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• HOWE
• HOWE, EIJAS (1819 — 1867)
• HOWE, JOHN (1630-17o6)
• HOWE, JOSEPH (1804–1873)
• HOWE, JULIA WARD (1819–1910)
• HOWE, RICHARD HOWE, EARL (1726-1799)
• HOWE, SAMUEL GRIDLEY (1801-1876)
• HOWE, WILLIAM HOWE, 5TH VISCOUNT (1729-1814)

Howe . His See also:

• DEATH

death occurred on the 13th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1790 . The comte de Guichen was, by the testimony of his contemporaries, a most accomplished and high-minded See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman . It is probable that he had more scientific knowledge than any of his See also:

• ENGLISH

English contemporaries and opponents . But as a See also:

• COMMANDER

commander in war he was notable chiefly for his skill in directing the orderly movements of a fleet, and seems to have been satisfied with formal operations, which were possibly elegant but could See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to no substantial result . He had none of the combative instincts of his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country-See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man Suffren, or of the See also:

• AVERAGE

average British admiral .

See vicomte de See also:

• NOAILLES

Noailles, Marins et soldats See also:

• FRANCAIS, ANTOINE, COUNT (1756-1836)

francais en Amerique (1903); and E . Chevalier, Histoire de la marine francaise See also:

• PENDANT (through Fr. from Lat. pendere, to hang)

pendant la guerre de l'independence americaine (1877) . (D .