See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

FRANCOIS See also:

• PIERRE

PIERRE See also:

• GUILLAUME
• GUILLAUME, JEAN BAPTISTE CLAUDE EUGENE (1822-1905)

GUILLAUME See also:

• FRANCOIS PIERRE GUILLAUME GUIZOT (1787-1874)

GUIZOT (1787-1874)  , historian, orator and statesman, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• NIMES
• NIMES, COUNCILS OF (Concilia Nemausensia)

Nimes on the 4th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1787, of an See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant See also:

• FAMILY

family belonging to the bourgeoisie of that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . It is characteristic of the cruel disabilities which still weighed upon the Protestants of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France before the Revolution, that his parents, at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of their See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union, could not be publicly or legally married by their own pastors, and that the ceremony was clandestine . The liberal opinions of his family did not, however, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save it from the sanguinary intolerance of the Reign of Terror, and on the 8th See also:

• APRIL

April 1794 his See also:

• FATHER

father perished at Nimes upon the See also:

• SCAFFOLD
• SCAFFOLD, SCAFFOLDING (from the O. Fr. escafaut, originally escafalt, modern echafaud, a corruption of the Italian or Spanish calafalco, a platform, especially a canopy over a bier, a catafalque; this word is composed of O. Span. altar, O. Ital. catare, t

scaffold . Thenceforth the See also:

• EDUCATION

education of the future See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister devolved entirely upon his See also:

• MOTHER

mother, a woman of slight See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance and of homely See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners, but endowed with See also:

• GREAT

great strength of See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and clearness of See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment . Madame See also:

• GUIZOT, FRANCOIS PIERRE GUILLAUME (1787-1874)

Guizot was a living type of the See also:

• HUGUENOTS

Huguenots of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, stern in her principles and her faith, immovable in her convictions and her sense of See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty . She formed the character of her illustrious son and shared every vicissitude of his See also:

• LIFE

life . In the days of his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power her See also:

• SIMPLE

simple figure, always clad in deep See also:

• MOURNING (from the verb " to mourn," to be sorrowful, 0. Eng. murnan; cf. O.H.G. mornen, Goth. maurnan, to be anxious, O.N. morna, to pine away; by some referred to root seen in Gr. jdptpva, sorrow, by others to root mer-, to die)

mourning for her martyred See also:

• HUSBAND

husband, was not absent from the splendid circle of his See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends . In the days of his See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile in 1848 she followed him to See also:

• LONDON

London, and there at a very advanced See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age closed her life and was buried at Kensal See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green . Driven from Nimes by the Revolution, Madame Guizot and her son repaired to See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva, where he received his education . In spite of her decided Calvinistic opinions, the theories of See also:

• ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1633-1693)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE (1671-1741)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES (1712-1778)
• ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu

Rousseau, then much in See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion, were not without their See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on Madame Guizot . She was a strong Liberal, and she even adopted the notion inculcated in the Emile that every See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man ought to learn a See also:

• MANUAL

manual See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade or See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft . See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

Young Guizot was taught to be a See also:

• CARPENTER, LANT (1780-1840)
• CARPENTER, MIRY (1807-1877)
• CARPENTER, WILLIAM BENJAMIN (1813-1885)

carpenter, and he so far succeeded in his See also:

• WORK

work that he made a table with his own hands, which is still preserved .

Of the progress of his graver studies little is known, for in the work which he entitled See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs of my own Times Guizot omitted all See also:

• PERSONAL

personal details of his earlier life . But his See also:

• LITERARY

literary attainments must have been precocious and considerable, for when he arrived in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in 1805 to pursue his studies in the See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty of See also:

• LAWS

laws, he entered at eighteen as See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor into the family of M . Stapfer, formerly Swiss minister in France, and he soon began to write in a See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

journal edited by M . Suard, the Publiciste . This connexion introduced him to the literary society of Paris . In October 1809, being then twenty-two, he wrote a See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

review of M. de See also:

• CHATEAUBRIAND, FRANCOIS RENE, VICOMTE DE (1768–1848)

Chateaubriand's Martyrs, which procured for him the approbation and cordial thanks of that eminent See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, and he continued to contribute largely to the periodical See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press . At Suard's he had made the acquaintance of Pauline Meulan, an accomplished See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good family, some fourteen years older than himself, who had been forced by the hardships of the Revolution to See also:

• EARN

earn her living by literature, and who also was engaged to contribute a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of articles to Suard's journal . These contributions were Is See See also:

• REPRODUCTION

reproduction of some of the miniatures in See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob and H. von Hefner-Alteneck, Trachten See also:

• DES

des christlichen Mittelalters (See also:

• DARMSTADT

Darmstadt, 1840-1854, 3 vols.), and in Trachten, Kunstwerke and Geratschaften vom fruhen Mittelalter (See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort-on-See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

Main, 1879—1890) . 18 Add . MS . 34294, See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum, vol. ii. fol . 83, 161, vol. iii. fol .

402, vol. iv. fols . 534 and 667 . From a See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine MS. in the British Museum . interrupted by her illness, but immediately resumed and 'continued by an unknown See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . It was discovered that See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois Guizot had quietly supplied the deficiency on her behalf . The acquaintance thus begun ripened.into friendship and love, and in 1812 Mademoiselle de Meulan consented to marry her youthful ally . She died in 1827; she was the author of many esteemed See also:

• WORKS

works on See also:

• FEMALE

female education . An only son, born in 1819, died in 1837 of See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption . In 1828 Guizot married Elisa See also:

• DILLON, ARTHUR RICHARD (172I-1807)
• DILLON, JOHN (1851– )

Dillon, niece of his first wife, and also an author . She died in 1833, leaving a son, See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice See also:

• GUILLAUME
• GUILLAUME, JEAN BAPTISTE CLAUDE EUGENE (1822-1905)

Guillaume (1833–1892), who attained some reputation as a See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar and writer . During the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, Guizot, entirely devoted to literary pursuits, published a collection of See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French synonyms (1809), an See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay on the See also:

• FINE

fine arts (1811), and a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of See also:

• GIBBON
• GIBBON, EDWARD (1737–1794)

Gibbon with additional notes in 1812 . These works recommended him to the See also:

• NOTICE

notice of M. de See also:

• FONTANES, LOUIS, MARQUIS DE (1757-1821)

Fontanes, then See also:

• GRAND

grand-See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the university of France, who selected Guizot for the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• HISTORY

history at the See also:

• SORBONNE

Sorbonne in 1812 .

His first lecture (which is reprinted in his Memoirs) was delivered on the i 1th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December of that See also:

• YEAR

year . The customary compliment to the all-powerful See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor he declined to insert in it, in spite of the hints given him by his See also:

• PATRON

patron, but the course which followed marks the beginning of the great revival of See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research in France in the 19th century . He had now acquired a considerable-position in the society of Paris, and the friendship of Royer-Collard and the leading members of the liberal party, including the young duc de See also:

• BROGLIE, DE

Broglie . Absent from Paris at the moment of the fall of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon in 1814, he was at once selected, on the recommendation of Royer-Collard, to serve the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XVIII. in the capacity of secretary-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry of the interior, under the See also:

• ABBE (Serbo-Croatian Rai))

abbe de Montesquiou . Upon the return of Napoleon from See also:

• ELBA (Gr. AiWaXla; Lat. Ilva)

Elba he immediately resigned, on the 25th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1815 (the statement that he retained See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office under General See also:

• CARNOT, LAZARE EIPPOLYTE (18ot-1888)
• CARNOT, MARIE FRANCOIS SADI (1837-1894)
• CARNOT, SADI NICOLAS LEONHARD (1796-1832)

Carnot is incorrect), and returned to his literary pursuits . After the See also:

• HUNDRED

Hundred Days, he repaired to See also:

• GHENT (Flem. Gent, Fr. Gand)

Ghent, where he saw Louis XVIII., and in the name of the liberal party pointed out to his See also:

• MAJESTY (Fr. majeste; Lat. majestas, grandeur, greatness, from the base mag-, as in magnus, great, major, greater, &c.)

majesty that a See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

frank See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of a liberal policy could alone secure the duration of the restored See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy—See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice which was See also:

• ILL

ill-received by M. de Blacas and the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's confidential advisers . This visit to Ghent, at the time when France was a See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey to a second invasion, was made a subject of See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter reproach to Guizot in after life by his political opponents, as an unpatriotic See also:

• ACTION

action . " The Man of Ghent " was one of the terms of insult frequently hurled against him in the days of his power . But the reproach appears to be wholly unfounded . The true interests of France were not in the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the falling empire, but in establishing a liberal policy on a monarchical basis and in combating the reactionary tendencies of the ultra-royalists . It is at any See also:

• RATE

rate a remarkable circumstance that a young See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of twenty-seven, with none of the advantages of See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth or political experience, should have been selected to convey so important a See also:

• MESSAGE (a word occurring in slightly different forms in several languages, e.g. Fr. message, Span. mensaje, Ital. messagio; adapted from the Low Lat. missaticum, from mittere)

message to the ears of the king of France, and a See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof, if any were wanting, that the Revolution had, as Guizot said, " done its work." On the second restoration, Guizot was appointed secretary-general of the ministry of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice under M. de Barbe-Marbois, but resigned with his See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief in 1816 . Again in 1819 he was appointed general director of communes and departments in the ministry of the interior, but lost his office with the fall of See also:

• DECAZES, ELIE

Decazes in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 182o .

During these years Guizot was one of the leaders of the See also:

• DOCTRINAIRES

Doctrinaires, a small party strongly attached to the See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter and the See also:

• CROWN

crown, and advocating a policy which has become associated (especially by See also:

• FAGUET, EMILE (1847- )

Faguet) with the name of Guizot, that of the juste milieu, a via See also:

• MEDIA

media between See also:

• ABSOLUTISM

absolutism and popular government . Their opinions had more of . the rigour of a See also:

• SECT

sect than the See also:

• ELASTICITY

elasticity of a political party . Adhering to the great principles of See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty and See also:

• TOLERATION (from Lat. tolerare, to endure)

toleration, they were sternly opposed to the anarchical traditions of the Revolution . They knew that the elements of anarchy were still fermenting in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country; these they hoped to subdue, not by reactionary See also:

• MEASURES

measures, but by the See also:

• FIRM

firm application of the power of a limited constitution, based on the suffrages of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle class and defended by the highest literary See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent of the times . Their motives were honourable . Their views were philosophical . But they were opposed alike to the democratical spirit of the age, to the military traditions of the empire, and to the bigotry and absolutism of the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court . The See also:

• FATE

fate of such a party might be foreseen . They lived by a policy of resistance; they perished by another revolution (183o) . They are remembered more for their See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant opposition to popular demands than by the services they undoubtedly rendered to the cause of temperate freedom . In 1820, when the reaction was at its height after the See also:

• MURDER

murder of the duc de Berri, and the fall of the ministry of the duc Decazes, Guizot was deprived of his offices, and in 1822 even his course of lectures were interdicted . During the succeeding years he played an important See also:

• PART

part among the leaders of the liberal opposition to the government of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles X., although he had not yet entered See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, and this was also the time of his greatest literary activity .

In 1822 he had published his lectures on representative government (Histoire des origines du gouvernement representatif, 1821-1822, 2 vols.; Eng. trans . 1852); also a work on See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment for political offences and several important political See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets . From 1822 to 183o he published two important collections of historical See also:

• SOURCES

sources, the memoirs of the history of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in 26 volumes, and the memoirs of the history of France in 31 volumes, and a revised translation, of See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare, and a See also:

• VOLUME

volume of essays on the history of France . The most' remarkable work from his own See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen was the first part of his Histoire de la revolution d'Angleterre depuis Charles I°' a Charles II . (2 vols., 1826–1827; Eng. trans., 2 vols., See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1838), a See also:

• BOOK

book of great merit and impartiality, which he resumed and completed during his exile in England after 1848 . The See also:

• MARTIGNAC, JEAN BAPTISTE SYLVERE GAY, VICOMTE DE (1778-183z)

Martignac See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration restored Guizot in 1828 to his professor's chair and to the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . Then it was that he delivered the celebrated courses of lectures which raised his reputation as an historian to the highest point of fame, and placed him amongst the best writers of France and of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . These lectures formed the basis of his general Histoire de la civilisation en Europe (1828; Eng. trans. by W . See also:

• HAZLITT, WILLIAM (1778-1830)

Hazlitt, 3 vols., 1846), and of his Histoire de la civilisation en France (4 vols., 1830), works which must ever be regarded as See also:

• CLASSICS

classics of modern historical research . Hitherto Guizot's fame rested on his merits as a writer on public affairs and as a lecturer on modern history . He had attained the age of See also:

• FORTY

forty-three before he entered upon the full display of his oratorical strength . In See also:

• JANUARY

January 183o he was elected for the first time by the See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• LISIEUX

Lisieux to the chamber of deputies, and he retained that seat during the whole of his political life .

Guizot immediately assumed an important position in the representative See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly, and the first speech he delivered was in defence of the celebrated address of the 221, in See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to the menacing speech from the See also:

• THRONE

throne, which was followed by the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the chamber, and was the precursor of another revolution . On his returning to Paris from Nimes on the 27th of See also:

• JULY

July, the fall of Charles X. was already imminent . Guizot was called upon by his friends Casimir-See also:

• PERIER, CASIMIR PIERRE (1777-1832)

Perier, See also:

• LAFFITTE, JACQUES (1767-1844)
• LAFFITTE, PIERRE (1823-1903)

Laffitte, See also:

• VILLEMAIN, ABEL FRANCOIS (179o-1867)

Villemain and See also:

• DUPIN, ANDRE MARIE JEAN JACQUES (1783-1865)

Dupin to draw up the protest of the liberal deputies against the royal ordinances of July, whilst he applied himself with them to See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control the revolutionary character of the See also:

• LATE

late contest . Personally, Guizot was always of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion that it was a great misfortune for the cause of See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary government in France that the infatuation and ineptitude of Charles X. and See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• POLIGNAC

Polignac rendered a See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in the hereditary See also:

• LINE

line of See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession inevitable . But, though convinced that it was inevitable, he became one of the most ardent supporters of Louis-Philippe . In See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 183o Guizot was made minister of the interior, but resigned in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November . He had now passed into the ranks of the conservatives, and for the next eighteen years was the most determined foe of See also:

• DEMOCRACY (Gr. 3np.oKparia, from S)µos, the people, i.e. the commons, and Kparos, rule)

democracy, the unyielding See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion of " a monarchy limited by a limited number of See also:

• BOURGEOIS
• BOURGEOIS, LEON VICTOR AUGUSTE (1851– )

bourgeois." In 1831 Casimir-Perier formed a more vigorous and compact administration, which was terminated in May 1832 by his See also:

• DEATH

death; the summer of that year was marked by a formidable republican rising in Paris, and it was not till the 1th of October 1832 that a See also:

• STABLE

stable government was formed, in which See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal See also:

• SOULT, NICOLAS JEAN DE DIEU

Soult was first minister, the duc de Broglie took the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign office, See also:

• THIERS

Thiers the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department, and Guizot the department of public instruction . This ministry, which lasted for nearly four years, was by far the ablest that ever served Louis Philippe . Guizot, however, was already marked with the stigma of unpopularity by the more advanced liberal party . He remained unpopular all his life, " not," said he, " that I court unpopularity, but that I think nothing about it." Yet never were his great abilities more useful to his country than whilst he filled this office of secondary See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank but of See also:

• PRIMARY

primary importance in the department of public instruction . The duties it imposed on him were entirely congenial to his literary tastes, and he was master of the subjects they concerned . He applied himself in the first instance to carry the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of the 28th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1833, and then for the next three years to put it into See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution .

In establishing and organizing primary education in France, this law marked a distinct See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch in French history . In fifteen years, under its influence, the number of primary See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose from ten to twenty-three thousand; normal schools for teachers, and a general See also:

• SYSTEM

system of inspection, were introduced; and boards of education, under mixed See also:

• LAY

lay and clerical authority, were created . The secondary class of schools and the university of France were equally the subject of his enlightened See also:

• PROTECTION

protection and care, and a prodigious impulse was given to philosophical study and historical research . The See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute of France known as the " See also:

• ACADEMIC

Academic des Sciences Morales et Politiques," which had been suppressed by Napoleon, was revived by Guizot . Some of the old members of this learned See also:

• BODY

body—Talleyrand, Sieyes, See also:

• ROEDERER, PIERRE LOUIS, COMTE (1754-1835)

Roederer and See also:

• LAKANAL, JOSEPH (1762-1845)

Lakanal—again took their seats there, and a See also:

• HOST

host of more See also:

• RECENT

recent celebrities were added by See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election for the See also:

• FREE

free discussion of the great problems of political and social See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science . The " Societe de 1'Histoire de France " was founded for the publication of historical works; and a vast publication of See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

chronicles and See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic papers was undertaken at the expense of the state (see HISTORY; and FRANCE, History, See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section Sources) . The See also:

• OBJECT

object of the See also:

• CABINET

cabinet of October 1832 was to organize a conservative party, and to carry on a policy of resistance to the republican See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction which threatened the existence of the monarchy . It was their See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride and their boast that their measures never exceeded the limits of the law, and by the exercise of legal power alone they put down an insurrection amounting to See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war in See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons and a sanguinary revolt in Paris . The real strength of the ministry lay not in its nominal heads, but in the fact that in this government and this alone Guizot and Thiers acted in cordial co-operation . The two great rivals in French parliamentary eloquence followed for a time the same path; but neither of them could submit to the supremacy of the other, and circumstances threw Thiers almost continuously on a course of opposition, whilst Guizot See also:

• BORE

bore the graver responsibilities of power . Once again indeed, in 1839, they were See also:

• UNITED

united, but it was in opposition to M . See also:

• MOLE
• MOLE, LOUIS MATHIEU, COMTE (1781—1855)
• MOLE, MATHIEU (1584—1656)

Mole, who had formed an intermediate government, and this See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition between Guizot and the leaders of the See also:

• LEFT

left centre and the left, Thiers and Odilon See also:

• BARROT, CAMILLE HYACINTHE ODILON (1791-1873)

Barrot, due to his ambition and See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy of Mole, is justly regarded as one of the chief inconsistencies of his life .

Victory was secured at the expense of principle, and Guizot's attack upon the government gave rise to a crisis and a republican insurrection . None of the three chiefs of that See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance took ministerial office, however, and Guizot was not sorry to accept the See also:

• POST

post of See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador in London, which withdrew him for a time from parliamentary contests . This was in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 184o, and Thiers succeeded 'shortly afterwards to the ministry of. foreign affairs . Guizot was received with marked distinction by the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen and by the society of London . His literary works were highly esteemed, his character was respected, and France was never more worthily represented abroad than by one of her greatest orators . He was known to be well versed in the history and theliterature of England, and sincerely attached to the alliance of the two nations and the cause of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . But, as he himself remarked, he was a stranger to England and a novice in See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy; and unhappily the embroiled state of the Syrian question, on which the French government had separated itself from the See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint policy of Europe, and possibly the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of entire confidence between the ambassador and the minister of foreign affairs, placed him in an embarrassing and even false position . The warnings he transmitted to Thiers were not believed . The warlike policy of Thiers was opposed to his own convictions . The treaty of the 15th of July was signed without his knowledge and executed in the See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth of his remonstrances . For some See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks Europe seemed to be on the brink of war, until the king put an end to the crisis by refusing his assent to the military preparations of Thiers, and by summoning Guizot from London to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a ministry and to aid his Majesty in what he termed " ma lutte tenace contre l'anarchie." Thus began, under dark and adverse circumstances, on the 29th of October 184o, the important administration in which Guizot remained the master-spirit for nearly eight years . He himself took the office of minister for foreign affairs, to which he added some years later, on the retirement of Marshal Soult, the ostensible rank of See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime minister .

His first care was the See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of peace and the restoration of amicable relations with the other See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of Europe . If he succeeded, as he did succeed, in calming the troubled elements and healing the wounded pride of France, the result was due mainly to the indomitable courage and splendid eloquence with which he faced a raging opposition, gave unity and strength to the conservative party, who now See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt that they had a great See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader at their See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, and appealed to the See also:

• THRIFT

thrift and prudence of the nation rather than to their vanity and their ambition . In his pacific task he was fortunately seconded by the formation of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• PEEL
• PEEL, ARTHUR WELLESLEY PEEL, 1ST VISCOUNT (1829- )
• PEEL, SIR ROBERT, BART

Peel's administration in England, in the autumn of 1841 . Between See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• PALMERSTON
• PALMERSTON, HENRY JOHN TEMPLE, 3RD VISCOUNT (1784-1865)

Palmerston and Guizot there existed an incompatibility of character exceedingly dangerous in the foreign ministers of two great and in some respects See also:

• RIVAL

rival countries . With Lord Palmerston in office, Guizot felt that he had a bitter and active antagonist in every British See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent throughout the See also:

• WORLD

world; the combative See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element was strong in his own disposition; and the result was a system of perpetual conflict and See also:

• COUNTER

counter-intrigues . Lord Palmerston held (as it appears from his own letters) that war between England and France was, sooner or later, inevitable . Guizot held that such a war would be the greatest of all calamities, and certainly never contemplated it . In Lord See also:

• ABERDEEN
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE GORDON, 1ST EARL O (1637-1720)
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE HAMILTON GORDON, 4TH EARL

Aberdeen, the foreign secretary of Sir Robert Peel, Guizot found a friend and an ally perfectly congenial to himself . Their acquaintance in London had been slight, but it soon ripened into mutual regard and confidence . They were both men of high principles and See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour; the Scotch See also:

• PRESBYTERIANISM

Presbyterianism which had moulded the faith of Lord Aberdeen was reflected in the Huguenot minister of France; both were men of extreme simplicity of See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste, joined to the refinement of scholarship and culture; both had an intense aversion to war and felt themselves ill-qualified to carry on those adventurous operations which inflamed the See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination of their respective opponents . In the eyes of Lord Palmerston and Thiers their policy was mean and pitiful; but it was a policy which secured peace to.the world, and united the two great and free nations of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West in what was termed the entente cordiale . Neither of them would have stooped to snatch an See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage at the expense of the other; they held the See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• INTEREST

interest of peace and friendship to be See also:

• PARAMOUNT (Anglo-Fr. paramont, up above, par el mont, up or on top of the mountain)

paramount; and when See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences arose, as they did arise, in remote parts of the world,—in See also:

• TAHITI

Tahiti, in See also:

• MOROCCO

Morocco, on the See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

Gold See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

Coast,—they were reduced by this principle to their proper insignificance .

The opposition in France denounced Guizot's foreign policy as basely subservient to England . He replied in terms of unmeasured contempt,—" You may raise the See also:

• PILE

pile of calumny as high as you will; See also:

• VOUS

vous n'arriverez jamais a la hauteur de mon dedain !" The opposition in England attacked Lord Aberdeen with the same reproaches, but in vain . King Louis Philippe visited See also:

• WINDSOR
• WINDSOR (properly NEw WINDSOR)

Windsor . The queen of England (in 1843) stayed at the See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

Chateau d'Eu . In 1845 British and French troops fought See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by side for the first time in an expedition to the See also:

• RIVER

River See also:

• PLATE

Plate . The fall of Sir Robert Peel's government in 1846 changed these intimate relations; and the return of Lord Palmerston to the foreign office led Guizot to believe that he was again exposed to the passionate rivalry of the British cabinet . A friendly understanding had been established at Eu between the two courts with reference to the future See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage of the young queen of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . The See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of Lord Palmerston and the conduct of Sir See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry Bulwer (afterwards Lord Dalling) at See also:

• MADRID

Madrid led Guizot to believe that this understanding was broken, and that it was intended to See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place a See also:

• COBURG

Coburg on the throne of Spain . Determined to resist any such intrigue, Guizot and the king plunged headlong into a counter-intrigue, wholly inconsistent with their previous engagements to England, and fatal to the happiness of the queen of Spain . By their influence she was urged into a marriage with a despicable offset of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon, and her See also:

• SISTER

sister was at the same time married to the youngest son of the French king, in See also:

• DIRECT

direct violation of Louis Philippe's promises . This transaction, although it was hailed at the time as a See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph of the policy of France, was in truth as fatal to the monarch as it was discreditable to the minister . It was accomplished by a mixture of secrecy and violence .

It was defended by subterfuges . By the dispassionate judgment of history it has been universally condemned . Its immediate effect was to destroy the Anglo-French alliance, and to throw Guizot into closer relations with the reactionary policy of Metternich and the See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern courts . The history of Guizot's administration, the longest and the last which existed under the constitutional monarchy of France, bears the See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp of the great qualities and the great defects of his political character, for he was throughout the master-spirit of that government . His first object was to unite and discipline the conservative party, which had been broken up by previous dissensions and ministerial changes . In this he entirely succeeded by his courage and eloquence as a parliamentary leader, and by the use of all those means of influence which France too liberally supplies to a dominant minister . No one ever doubted the purity and disinterestedness of Guizot's own conduct . He despised See also:

• MONEY

money; he lived and died poor; and though he encouraged the See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever of money-getting in the French nation, his own habits retained their See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive simplicity . But he did not disdain to use in others the baser passions from which he was himself free . Some of his See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments were mean; he employed them to See also:

• DEAL

deal with meanness after its See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind . See also:

• GROSS

Gross abuses and breaches of See also:

• TRUST

trust came to See also:

• LIGHT

light even in the ranks of the government, and under an incorruptible minister the administration was denounced as corrupt . Licet uti alieno vitio is a proposition as false in politics as it is in divinity .

Of his parliamentary eloquence it is impossible to speak too highly . It Was terse, austere, See also: