GUSTAVUS III  . (1746-1792), See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden, was the eldest son of See also:

• ADOLPHUS, JOHN LEYCESTER (1795-1862)

Adolphus See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick, king of Sweden, and Louisa Ulrica of See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia, See also:

• SISTER

sister of Frederick the See also:

• GREAT

Great, and was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 24th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1746 . Gustavus was educated under the care of two See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors who were amongst the most eminent See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish states-men of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, Carl Gustaf See also:

• TESSIN, CARL GUSTAF, COUNT (1695-1770)

Tessin and Carl Schafer; but he owed most perhaps to the poet and historian Olof von Dalin . The interference of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state with his See also:

• EDUCATION

education, when he was quite a See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child, was, however, doubly harmful, as his parents taught him to despise the preceptors imposed upon him by the See also:

• DIET

diet, and the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere of intrigue and duplicity in which he See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up made him precociously experienced in the See also:

• ART

art of dissimutlon . But even his most hostile teachers were amazed by the lliance e of his natural gifts, and, while still a boy, he possessed that See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm of manner which was to make him so fascinating and so dangerous in later See also:

• LIFE

life, coupled with the strong dramatic See also:

• INSTINCT

instinct which won for him his See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in Swedish literature . On the whole, Gustavus cannot be said to have been well educated, but he read very widely; there was scarce a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French author of his day with whose See also:

• WORKS

works he was not intimately acquainted; while his See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm for the new French ideas of enlightenment was as sincere as, if more See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical than, his See also:

• MOTHER

mother's . On the 4th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1766, Gustavus married See also:

• SOPHIA (1630-1714)

Sophia Magdalena, daughter of Frederick V. of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark . The match was an unhappy one, owing partly to incompatibility of See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper, but still more to the mischievous interference of the jealous See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen-mother . Gustavus first intervened actively in politics in 1768, at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of his See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• INTERREGNUM (Lat. inter, between, and regnum, reign)

interregnum, when he compelled the dominant Cap See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction to summon an extraordinary diet from which he hoped for the reform of the constitution in a monarchical direction . But the victorious Hats refused to redeem the pledges which they had given before the elections . " That we should have lost the constitutional See also:

• BATTLE

battle does not See also:

• DISTRESS

distress us so much," wrote Gustavus, in the bitterness of his See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart; "but what does dismay me is to see my poor nation so sunk in corruption as to place its own felicity in See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute anarchy." From the 4th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February to the 25th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1771, Gustavus was at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where he carried both the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court and the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city by See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm . The poets and the philosophers paid him enthusiastic See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage, and all the distinguished See also:

• WOMEN

women of the day testified to his superlative merits .

With many of them he maintained a lifelong See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence . But his visit to the French See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital was no See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure trip; it was also a See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• MISSION

mission . Confidential agents from the Swedish court had already prepared the way for him, and the duc de See also:

• CHOISEUL, CESAR
• CHOISEUL, ETIENNE FRANCOIS

Choiseul, weary of Swedish anarchy, had resolved to discuss with him the best method of bringing about a revolution in Sweden . Before he departed, the French See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government undertook to pay the out-See also:

• STANDING

standing subsidies to Sweden unconditionally, at the See also:

• RATE

rate of one and a See also:

• HALF

half million livres annually; and the See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte de See also:

• VERGENNES, CHARLES GRAVIER, COMTE DE (1717-1787)

Vergennes, one of the great names of French See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy, was transferred from See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople to See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm . On his way See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home Gustavus paid a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short visit to his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, Frederick the Great, at See also:

• POTSDAM

Potsdam . Frederick bluntly informed his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew that, in See also:

• CONCERT (through the French from Lat. con-, with, and certare, to strive)

concert with See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia and Denmark, he had guaranteed the integrity of the existing Swedish constitution, and significantly advised the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young monarch to See also:

• PLAY

play the See also:

• PART

part of mediator and abstain from violence . On his return to Sweden Gustavus made a sincere and See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to mediate between the Hats and Caps who were ruining the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country between them (see SWEDEN: See also:

• HISTORY

History) . On the 21st of See also:

• JUNE

June 1771 he opened his first See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament in a speech which awakened See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange and deep emotions in all who heard it . It was the first time for more than a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century that a Swedish king had addressed a Swedish diet from the See also:

• THRONE

throne in its native See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue . The orator laid especial stress on the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of the See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice of all party animosities to the See also:

• COMMON

common weal, and volunteered, as " the first See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen of a See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• PEOPLE

people," to be the mediator between the contending factions . A See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee was actually formed, but it proved illusory from the first, the patriotism of neither of the factions being equal to the puniest See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of self-denial . The subsequent attempts of the dominant Caps still further to limit the See also:

• PREROGATIVE

prerogative, and reduce Gustavus to the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of a roi faineant, induced him at last to consider the possibility of a revolution .

Of its necessity there could be no doubt . Under the sway of the Cap faction, Sweden, already the See also:

• VASSAL (Fr. vassal, vassaut, vassault, &c,)

vassal, could not fail to become the See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey of Russia . She was on the point of being absorbed in that See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• SYSTEM

system, the invention of the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• VICE

vice-See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Nikita See also:

• PANIN, NIKITA IVANOVICH, COUNT (1718—1783)

Panin, which that patient statesman had made it the ambition of his e to realize . Only a See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

swift and sudden coup d'etat could See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of a country isolated from the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe by a hostile See also:

• LEAGUE

league . At this juncture Gustavus was approached by See also:

• JAKOB, LUDWIG HEINRICH VON (1759—1827)

Jakob See also:

• MAGNUS, HEINRICH GUSTAV (1802-1870)

Magnus See also:

• SPRENGTPORTEN, GORAN MAGNUS, COUNT (1740-1819)
• SPRENGTPORTEN, JAKOB MAGNUS (1727—1786)

Sprengtporten, a Finnish nobleman of determined See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, who had incurred the enmity of the Caps, with the project of a revolution . He undertook to seize the fortress of Sveaborg by a coup de See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main, and, See also:

• FINLAND (Finnish, Suomi or Suomenmaa)

Finland once secured, Sprengtporten proposed to embark for Sweden, meet the king and his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends near Stockholm, and surprise the capital by a See also:

• NIGHT

night attack, when the estates were to be forced, at the point of the See also:

• BAYONET

bayonet, to accept a new constitution from the untrammelled king . The plotters were at this juncture reinforced by an ex-See also:

• RANGER, HENRY WARD (1858– )

ranger from Scania (Slane), Johan Kristoffer See also:

• TOLL (etymologically, that which is numbered or counted; from a common Teutonic form, cf. " tale," " tell ")
• TOLL, JOHAN KRISTOFFER, COUNT (1743-1817)

Toll, also a victim of Cap oppression . Toll proposed that a second revolt should break out in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Scania, to confuse the government still more, and undertook personally to secure the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern fortress of See also:

• KRISTIANSTAD (CHRISTIANSTAD)

Kristianstad . After some debate, it was finally arranged that, a few days after the Finnish revolt had begun, Kristianstad should opexly declare against the government . See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles, the eldest of the king's See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, was thereupon hastily to mobilize the garrisons of all the southern fortresses, for the ostensible purpose of crushing the revolt at Kristianstad; but on arriving before the fortress he was to make common cause with the rebels, and march upon the capital from the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, while Sprengtporten attacked it simultaneously from the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east .