GUSTAVUS IV  . (1778–1837), See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden, the son of Gustavus III. and See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• SOPHIA (1630-1714)

Sophia Magdalena, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Stock-holm on the 1st of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1778 . Carefully educated under the direction of Nils von Rosenstein, he See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up serious and, conscientious . In See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1796 his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle the See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Sudermania, visited St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg for the purpose of arranging a See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage between the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young king and See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine II.'s See also:

• GRAND

grand-daughter, the grand-duchess Alexandra . The See also:

• BETROTHAL (A.S. treowth, " truth ")

betrothal was actually fixed for the 22nd of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, when the whole arrangement foundered on the obstinate refusal of Gustavus to allow his destined See also:

• BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

bride See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship according to the See also:

• RITES

rites of the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek Orthodox See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church—a rebuff which undoubtedly accelerated the See also:

• DEATH

death of the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian empress . Nobody seems to have even suspected at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time that serious See also:

• MENTAL

mental derangement See also:

• LAY

lay at the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root of Gustavus's abnormal piety . On the contrary, there were many who prematurely congratulated themselves on the fact that Sweden had now no disturbing See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius, but an economical, See also:

• GOD

God-fearing, See also:

• COMMONPLACE

commonplace monarch to See also:

• DEAL

deal with . Gustavus's prompt dismissal of the generally detested Gustaf See also:

• REUTERHOLM, GUSTAF ADOLF, BARON (1756-1813)

Reuterholm added still further to his popularity . On the 31st of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1797 Gustavus married Frederica Dorothea, daughter of Charles See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick, grand-duke of See also:

• BADEN
• BADEN, GRAND DUCHY OF

Baden, a marriage which might have led to a See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia but for the fanatical hatred of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic shared by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul and Gustavus IV., which served as a See also:

• BOND
• BOND, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1815-1898)

bond of See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union between them . Indeed the king's horror of Jacobinism was morbid in its intensity, and drove him to adopt all sorts of reactionary See also:

• MEASURES

measures and to postpone his See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation for some years, so as to avoid calling together a See also:

• DIET

diet; but the disorder of the finances, caused partly by the See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental war and partly by the almost See also:

• TOTAL

total failure of the crops in 1798 and 1799, compelled him to summon the estates to See also:

• NORRKOPING

Norrkoping in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1800, and on the 3rd of See also:

• APRIL

April Gustavus was crowned . The notable See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change which now took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in Sweden's See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign policy and its fatal consequences to the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country are else-where set forth (see SWEDEN, See also:

• HISTORY

History) . By the end of 18o8 it was obvious to every thinking Swede that the king was insane .

His violence had alienated his most faithful supporters, while his obstinate incompetence paralysed the See also:

• NATIONAL

national efforts . To remove a madman by force was the one remaining expedient; and this was successfully accomplished by a See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy of See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of the western See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, headed by Adlersparre, the Anckarsvards, and Adlercreutz, who marched rapidly from Skane to See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm . On the 13th of March 18o9 seven of the conspirators See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke into the royal apartments in the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace unannounced, seized the king, and conducted him to the See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

chateau of Gripsholm; Duke Charles was easily persuaded to accept the leadership of a provisional See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, which was proclaimed the same See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day; and a diet, hastily summoned, solemnly approved of the revolution . On the 29th of March Gustavus, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the See also:

• CROWN

crown for his son, voluntarily abdicated; but on the loth of May the estates, dominated by the army, declared that not merely Gustavus but his whole See also:

• FAMILY

family had forfeited the See also:

• THRONE

throne . On the 5th of See also:

• JUNE

June the duke regent was proclaimed king under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Charles XIII., after accepting the new liberal constitution, which was ratified by the diet the same day . In See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December Gustavus and his family were transported to See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . Gustavus now assumed the title of See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of Gottorp, but subsequently called himself See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel Gustafsson, under which See also:

• PSEUDONYM (Gr. >l ev&,vuµos, having a false name, ¢Evirls, false and ovoµa, name)

pseudonym he wrote most of his See also:

• WORKS

works . He led, separated from his family, an erratic See also:

• LIFE

life for some years; was divorced from his See also:

• CONSORT (Lat. consors, a companion)

consort in 1812; and finally settled at St See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

Gall in See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland in See also:

• GREAT

great loneliness and indigence . He died on the 7th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1837, and, at the See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion of King Oscar II. his See also:

• BODY

body was brought to Sweden and interred in the Riddarholmskyrka . From him descend both the Baden and the See also:

• OLDENBURG

Oldenburg princely houses on the See also:

• FEMALE

female See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side . See H . G .

See also:

• TROLLE, HERLUF (1516-1565)

Trolle-Wachtmeister, Anteckningar och minnen (Stock-holm, 1889); B. von See also:

• BESKOW, BERNHARD VON, BARON (1796-1868)

Beskow, Lefnadsminnen (Stockholm, 187o); K . V . See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

Key-Aberg, De diplomatiska forbindelserna mellan Sverige och Storbrittannien under Gustaf I V.'s Krig emot See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon (See also:

• UPSALA, or UPPSALA

Upsala, 189o) ; Colonel Gustafsson, La Journee du treize See also:

• MARS
• MARS (MAYORS, MARMAR, MARSPITER GA MASPITER)
• MARS, MLLE [ANNE FRANCOISE HYPPOLYTE BOUTET] (1779-1847)

mars, &c . (St Gall, 1835) ; Memorial See also:

• DES

des Obersten Gustafsson (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1829) . (R . N .