See also:

• HAEMORRHAGE (Gr. atµa, blood, and prryvvvac, to burst)

HAEMORRHAGE (Gr. atµa, See also:

• BLOOD

blood, and prryvvvac, to burst)  , a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• TERM

term for any See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape of See also:

• BLOOD

blood from a blood-See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel (see BLOOD) . It commonly results from injury, as the tearing or cutting of a blood-vessel, but certain forms result from disease, as in See also:

• SCURVY (Scorbutus)

scurvy and See also:

• PURPURA

purpura . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief varieties of See also:

• HAEMORRHAGE (Gr. atµa, blood, and prryvvvac, to burst)

haemorrhage are arterial, venous and capillary . Bleeding from an artery is of a See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright red See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, and escapes from the end of the vessel nearest the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart in jets synchronous with the heart's See also:

• BEAT (a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages; it is connected with the similar Romanic words derived from the Late Lat. battere)

beat . Bleeding from a vein is of a darker colour; the flow is steady, and the bleeding is from the distal end of the vessel . Capillary bleeding is a general oozing from a raw See also:

• SURFACE

surface . By extravasation of blood is meant the pouring out of blood into the areolar tissues, which become boggy . This is termed a bruise or ecchymosis . Epistaxis is a term given to bleeding from the See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose . Haematemesis is vomiting of blood, the colour of which may be altered by digestion, as is also the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case in melaena, or passage of blood with the faeces, in which the blood becomes dark and tarry-looking from the See also:

• ACTION

action of the intestinal fluids . Haemoptysis denotes an escape of blood from the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air-passages, which is usually bright red and frothy from admixture with air . Haematuria means passage of blood with the urine .

Cessation of bleeding may take See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place from natural or from artificial means . Natural See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest of haemorrhage arises from (r) the coagulation of the blood itself, (2) the diminution of the heart's action as in fainting, (3) changes taking place in the cut vessel causing its retraction and contraction . In the surgical treatment of haemorrhage See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor means of arresting bleeding are: See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold, which is most valuable in general oozing and See also:

• LOCAL

local extravasations; very hot See also:

• WATER

water, 130° to 16o F., a powerful haemostatic; position, such as See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of the See also:

• LIMB

limb, valuable in bleeding from the extremities; styptics or astringents, applied locally, as perchloride of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, tannic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid and others, the most valuable being suprarenal See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract . In arresting haemorrhage temporarily the chief thing is to See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press directly on the bleeding See also:

• PART

part . The pressure to be effectual need. not be severe, but must be accurately applied . If the bleeding point cannot be reached, the pressure should be applied to the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main artery between the bleeding point and the heart . In small blood-vessels pressure will be sufficient to arrest. haemorrhage permanently . In large vessels it is usual to pass a ligature See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the vessel and tie it with a See also:

• REEF (1)

reef-See also:

• KNOT
• KNOT (O.E. cnotta, from a Teutonic stem knutt; cf. " knit," and Ger. knoten)

knot . Apply the ligature, if possible, at the bleeding point, tying both ends of the cut vessel . If this cannot be done, the main artery of the limb must be exposed by See also:

• DISSECTION (from Lat. dissecare, to cut apart)

dissection at the most accessible point between the See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound and the heart, and there ligatured . Haemorrhage has been classified as—(1) See also:

• PRIMARY

primary, occurring at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the injury; (2) reactionary, or within twenty-four See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours of the See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

accident, during the See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of reaction; (3) secondary, occurring at a later See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period and caused by faulty application of a ligature or septic See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the wound . In severe haemorrhage, as from the See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of a large artery, the patient may collapse and See also:

• DEATH

death ensue from See also:

• SYNCOPE (Gr. vvyKO7n , a cutting up or short, from Kbirrew, to cut)

syncope .

In this case stimulants and See also:

• STRYCHNINE

strychnine may be given, but they should be avoided until it is certain the bleeding has been properly controlled, as theytend to increase it . Transfusion of blood directly from the vein of a healthy See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person to the blood-vessels of the patient, and infusion of saline See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution into a vein, may be practised (see See also:

• SHOCK, or COLLAPSE

SHOCK) . In a congenital condition known as haemophylia (q.v.) it is difficult to stop the flow of blood . The surgical See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure for the treatment of an open wound is-(1) arrest of haemorrhage; (2) cleansing of the wound and removal of any See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign bodies; (3) careful apposition of its edges and surfaces—the edges being best brought in contact by sutures of aseptic See also:

• SILK

silk or See also:

• CATGUT

catgut, the surfaces by carefully applied pressure; (4) See also:

• FREE

free drainage, if necessary, to prevent See also:

• ACCUMULATION (from Lat. accumulare, to heap up)

accumulation either of blood or serous effusion; (S) avoidance of See also:

• SEPSIS (Gr. Qi7,/iss, putrefaction), or SEPTIC INFECTION

sepsis; (6) perfect See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the part . These methods of treatment require to be modified for wounds in See also:

• SPECIAL

special situations and for those in which there is much contusion and laceration . When a special See also:

• POISON

poison has entered the wound at the time of its infliction or at some subsequent date, it is necessary to provide against septic conditions of the wound itself and blood-poisoning of the general circulation .