See also:

• HAGIOLOGY (from Gr. iiyios, saint, Xbyos, discourse)

HAGIOLOGY (from Gr. iiyios, See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint, Xbyos, discourse)  , that See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical sciences which is concerned with the lives of the See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints . If See also:

• HAGIOLOGY (from Gr. iiyios, saint, Xbyos, discourse)

hagiology be considered merely in the sense in which the See also:

• TERM

term has come to be understood in the later stages of its development, i.e. the See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical study of hagiographic remains, there would be no such See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science before the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . But the bases of hagiology may fairly be said to have been laid at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when hagiographic documents, hitherto dispersed, were first brought together into collections . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest collection of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, the rvvaywyi7 rw' apxaims uaprvpiwv of See also:

• EUSEBIUS
• EUSEBIUS (Gr. EuOi/3tos, from ebaegils, pious, cf. the Latin name Pius)
• EUSEBIUS [OF CAESAREA] (c. 260-c. 340)
• EUSEBIUS [OF EMESA] (d. c. "36o)

Eusebius, to which the author refers in several passages in his writings (Hist . Eccl., v. proem 2; v . 20, 5), and which has See also:

• LEFT

left more than one trace in See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian literature, is unfortunately lost in its entirety . The Martyrs of See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine, as also the writings of See also:

• THEODORET

Theodoret, See also:

• PALLADIUS, RUTILIUS TAURUS AEMILIANUS

Palladius and others, on the origins of the monastic See also:

• LIFE

life, and, similarly, the Dialogues of St See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory (See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope Gregory I.), belong to the See also:

• CATEGORY (Gr. Karrlyopia, " accusation ")

category of See also:

• SOURCES

sources rather than to that of hagiologic collections . The In gloria martyrum and In gloria confessorum of Gregory of See also:

• TOURS

Tours are valuable for the sources used in their compilation . The most important collections are those which comprise the Acts of the Martyrs and the lives of saints, arranged in the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the See also:

• CALENDAR

calendar . In the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church these are called menologies (from Gr. iaily, See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month, X6yor, discourse), and their existence can be traced back with certainty to the 9th century (See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore of Studium, Epist. i . 2) . One of them, the menology of Metaphrastes, compiled in the second See also:

• HALF

half of the loth century, enjoyed a universal See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue (see SYMEON METAPIItASTES) .

The corresponding See also:

• WORKS

works in the Western Church are the passionaries or legendaries, varieties of which are dispersed in See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries and have not been studied collectively . They generally draw from a See also:

• COMMON

common source, the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman legendary, and the lives of the See also:

• LOCAL

local saints, i.e. those specially honoured in a church, a See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province or a See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . One of the best known is the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian legendary (De magno legendario Austriaco in the Analecta Bollandiana, xvii . 24-264) . From the menologies and legendaries various compilations were made: in the Greek Church, the Synaxaria (see See also:

• SYNAXARIUM (Gr. ovvaE&pcov, from ovv&yew, to bring together)

SYNAXARIUM); in the Western Church, abridgments and extracts such as the See also:

• SPECULUM

Speculum historiale of See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent de See also:

• BEAUVAIS

Beauvais; the Legenda aurea of Jacobus de Voragine; the Sanctorale of See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard See also:

• GUY, THOMAS (1644–1724)

Guy [ d . 1331 1 (see L . See also:

• DELISLE, JOSEPH NICOLAS (1688-1768)
• DELISLE, L OPOLD VICTOR (1826– )

Delisle, See also:

• NOTICE

Notice sur See also:

• LES

les manuscrits de Bernard Guy, See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1879); the Sanctilogium of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John of See also:

• TYNEMOUTH

Tynemouth (c . 1366), utilized by John See also:

• CAPGRAVE, JOHN (1393-1464)

Capgrave, and published in 1516 under the name of Nova legenda Angliae (new edition by C . Horstman, See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, Igor); and the Catalogus sanctorum of Petrus de Natalibus (c . 1375), published at See also:

• VICENZA

Vicenza in 1493, and many times reprinted . The Sanctuarium of B . Mombritius, published at See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan about 1480, is particularly valuable because it gives a faithful See also:

• REPRODUCTION

reproduction of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient texts according to the See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts .

One of the most zealous collectors of lives of saints was John Gielemans of See also:

• BRABANT
• BRABANT, NORTH

Brabant (d . 1487), whose See also:

• WORK

work is of See also:

• GREAT

great value (See also:

• BOLLANDISTS

Bollandists, De codicibus hagiographicis lohannis Gielemans, See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels, 1895), and with him must be associated Anton Geens, or Gentius, of Groenendael, who died in 1543 (Analecta Bollandiana, vi . 31-34) Hagiology entered on a new development with the publication of the Sanctorum priscorum patrum vitae (See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice and See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, 1551–1560) of Aloysius Lipomanus (Lippomano), See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona . As a result of the co-operation of humanist scholars a great number of Greek hagiographic texts became for the first time accessible to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West in a Latin See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation . The Carthusian, See also:

• LAURENTIUS, PAUL (1554-1624)

Laurentius Surius, carried on the work of Lippomano, completed it, and arranged the materials strictly in the order of the calendar (De probatis sanctorum historiis, See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne, 157o-1575) . What prevents the work of Surius from being regarded as an improvement upon Lippomano's is that Surius thought it necessary to retouch the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of those documents which appeared to him badly written, without troubling himself about the consequent loss of their documentary value . The actual founder of hagiologic See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism was the Flemish Jesuit, Heribert Rosweyde (d . 1629), who, besides his important works on the martyrologies (see See also:

• MARTYROLOGY

MARTYROLOGY), published the celebrated collection of the Vitae patrum (See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp, 1615), a veritable masterpiece for the time at which it appeared . It was he, too, who conceived the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of a great collection of lives of saints, compiled from the manuscripts and augmented with notes, from which resulted the collection of the Acta sanctorum (see BOLLANDISTS) . This last enterprise gave rise to others of a similar See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character but less extensive in See also:

• SCOPE (through Ital. scopo, aim, purpose, intent, from Gr. o'KOaos, mark to shoot at, aim, o ic07reiv, to see, whence the termination in telescope, microscope, &c.)

scope . Dom T . Ruinart collected the best Acta of the martyrs in his Acta martyrum sincera (Paris, 1689) .

The various religious orders collected the Acta of their saints, often increasing the lists beyond measure . The best publication of this kind, the Acta sanctorum ordinis S . Benedicti (Paris, 1668–1701) of d'Achery and See also:

• MABILLON, JOHN (1632-1707)

Mabillon, does not entirely See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape this reproach . Countries, provinces and dioceses also had their See also:

• SPECIAL

special hagiographic collections, conceived according to various plans and executed with more or less historical sense . Of these, the most important collections are those of 0 . Caietanus, Vitae sanctorum Siculorum (See also:

• PALERMO (Greek, Havopuos; Latin, Panhormus, Panormus)

Palermo, 1657); G . A . Lobineau, See also:

• VIE

Vie See also:

• DES

des saints de Bretagne (See also:

• RENNES

Rennes, 1725) ; and J . H . Ghesquiere, Acta sanctorum Belgii (Brussels and Tongerloo, 1783–1794) . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal lives of the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German saints are published in the Monumenta Germaniae, and a special See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the Scriptores rerum Merovingicarum is devoted to the lives of the saints . For See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland and See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland mention must be made of T .

Messingham's Florilegium insulae sanctorum (Paris, 1624) ; I . Colgan's Acta sanctorum veteris et maioris Scotiae seu Hiberniae (See also:

• LOUVAIN (Flem. Leuven)

Louvain, 1645–1647) ; John See also:

• PINKERTON, ALLAN (1819–1884)
• PINKERTON, JOHN (1758–1826)

Pinkerton's Vitae antiquae sanctorum . . . (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1789, of which a revised and enlarged edition was published by W . M . See also:

• METCALFE,

Metcalfe at See also:

• PAISLEY
• PAISLEY, CLAUD HAMILTON, LORD (c. 1543-1622)

Paisley in 1889, under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Lives of the Scottish Saints) ; W . J . See also:

• REES, THOMAS (1777–1864)

Rees's Lives of the Cambro-See also:

• BRITISH

British Saints (See also:

• LLANDOVERY (Llan-ym-ddyffri)

Llandovery, 1853); Acta sanctorum Hiberniae (See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, 1888); Whitley See also:

• STOKES, SIR G
• STOKES, SIR GEORGE GABRIEL, BART
• STOKES, WHITLEY (1830-1909)

Stokes's Lives of Saints from the See also:

• BOOK

Book of See also:

• LISMORE

Lismore (Oxford, 189o) ; and J . O'Hanlon's Lives of the Irish Saints (See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin, 1875–1904) . Towards the 13th century See also:

• VERNACULAR (Lat. verna, dim. vernaculus, a slave horn in his master's house)

vernacular collections of lives of saints began to increase . This literature is more interesting from the linguistic than from the hagiologic point of view, and comes rather within the domain of the philologist . The hagiography of the Eastern and the Greek church also has been the subject of important publications .

The Greek texts are very much scattered . Of them, however, may be mentioned J . B . See also:

• MALOU, JULES EDOUARD XAVIER (1810-1886)

Malou's " Symeonis Metaphrastae See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

opera omnia " (Patrologia Graeca, 114, 115, 116) and Theophilos loannu, MvgµsYa dycoXoyuca (Venice, 1884) . For See also:

• SYRIAC

Syriac, there are S . E . See also:

• ASSEMANI

Assemani's Acta sanctorum martyrum orientalium (Rome, 1748) and P . Bedjan's Acta martyrum et sanctorum (Paris, 1890–1897); for Armenian, the acts of martyrs and lives of saints, published in two volumes by the Mechitharist community of Venice in 1874; for Coptic, Hyvernat's Les Actes des martyrs de l'Egypte (Paris, 1886) ; for Ethiopian, K . See also:

• CONTI, NICOLO
• CONTI, PRINCES OF

Conti See also:

• ROSSINI, GIOACHINO ANTONIO (1792-1868)

Rossini's Scriptores Aethiopici, vitae sanctorum (Paris, 1904 seq.); and for Georgian, Sabinin's See also:

• PARADISE (Gr. lrap6BEwos)

Paradise of the Georgian Church (St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, . 1882) . In addition to the principal collections must be mentioned the innumerable works in which the hagiographic texts have been subjected to detailed critical study . To realize the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of hagiology, the Bibliotheca hagiographica, both Latin and Greek, published by the Bollandists, and the Bulletin hagiographique, which appears in each number of the A nalecta Bollandiana (see BOLLANDISTS), must be consulted .

Thanks to the combined efforts of a great number of scholars, the See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification of the hagiographic texts has in See also:

• RECENT

recent years made notable progress . The criticism of the sources, the study of See also:

• LITERARY

literary styles, and the knowledge of local See also:

• HISTORY

history now render it easier to discriminate in this literature between what is really historical and what is merely the invention of the See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people or of the See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination of pious writers (see H . Delehaye, Les Legendes hagiographiques, 2nd ed., pp . 121-141, Brussels, 1906) . " Though the lives of saints," says a recent historian, " are filled with miracles and incredible stories, they See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich mine of See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information concerning the life and customs of the people . Some of them are ` memorials of the best men of the time written by the best scholars of the time,' " (C . See also:

• GROSS

Gross, The Sources and Literature of See also:

• ENGLISH

English History, p . 34, London, 1900) . (H .