See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

HAIR (a word See also:

• COMMON

common to See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages)  , the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• TERM

term for the characteristic outgrowth of the epidermis forming the coat of mammals . The word is also applied by See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy to the filamentous outgrowths from the See also:

• BODY

body of See also:

• INSECTS

insects, &c., See also:

• PLANTS

plants, and metaphoiically to anything of like See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance . For anatcmy, &c. of See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair see SKIN AND EXOSKELETON; See also:

• FIBRES
• FIBRES (or FIBERS, in American spelling; from Lat. fibra, apparently connected either with filum, thread, or findere, to split)

FIBRES and allied articles; See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

FuR, and See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

LEATHER . See also:

• ANTHROPOLOGY (Gr. avOpw1ror man, and Xoyos, theory or science)

Anthropology.—The human hair has an important See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place among the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical criteria of See also:

• RACE

race . While its general structure and quantity vary comparatively little, its length in individuals and relatively in the two sexes, its See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, its See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, its general consistency and the, appearance under the See also:

• MICROSCOPE (Gr. µucp6s, small, asenreiv, to %view)

microscope of its transverse See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section show persistent See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences in the various races . It is the persistence of these differences and specially in regard to its colour and texture, which has given to hair its ethnological importance . So obvious a racial differentiation had naturally See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long ago attracted the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of anthropologists . But it was not until the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century that microscopic examination showed the profound difference in structure between the hair characteristic of the See also:

• GREAT

great divisions of mankind . It was in 1863 that Dr Pruner-See also:

• BEY (a modern Turk. word, the older form being beg, cf. Pers. baig)

Bey read a See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper before the See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris Anthropological Society entitled " On the Human Hair as a Race See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

Character, examined by aid of the Microscope." This address established the importance of hair as a racial criterion . He demonstrated that the structure of the hair is threefold: (1) See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

Short and crisp, generally termed " woolly," elliptical or See also:

• KIDNEY

kidney-shaped in section, with no distinguishable medulla or See also:

• PITH (O.E. pitca, cognate with Du. pit, kernel of a nut)

pith . Its colour is almost always See also:

• JET (Fr. jais, Ger. Gagat)

jet See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black, and it is characteristic of all the black races except the Australians and See also:

• ABORIGINES

aborigines of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . This type of hair has two varieties .

When the hairs are relatively long and the See also:

• SPIRAL

spiral of the curls large, the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head has the appearance of being completely covered, as with some of the Melanesian races and most of the negroes . See also:

• HAECKEL, ERNST HEINRICH (1834- )

Haeckel has called this " eriocomous " or " woolly " proper . In some See also:

• NEGROID

negroid peoples, however, such as the See also:

• HOTTENTOTS

Hottentots and See also:

• BUSHMEN, or BOSJESMANS

Bushmen, the hair grows in very short curls with narrow spirals and forms little tufts separated by spaces which appear See also:

• BARE

bare . The head looks as if it were dotted over with See also:

• PEPPER
• PEPPER, WILLIAM (1843–1898)

pepper-See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed, and thus this hair has gained the name of " peppercorn-growth." Haeckel has called it " lophocomous " or " crested." Most negroes have this type of hair in childhood and, even when fully grown, signs of it around the temples . The space between each tuft is not bald, as was at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time generally assumed . The hair grows. uniformly over the head, as in all races . 2 . Straight, lank, long and coarse, See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round or nearly so in section, with the medulla or pith easily distinguishable, and almost without exception black . This is the hair of the yellow races, the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese, See also:

• MONGOLS

Mongols and See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians of the Americas . 3 . Wavy and See also:

• CURLY, JEAN NICOLAS (1774-1827)

curly, or smooth and silky, See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval in section, with medullary See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube but no pith . This is the hair of Europeans, and is mainly See also:

• FAIR

fair, though black, See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown, red or towy varieties are found .

There is a See also:

• FOURTH

fourth type of hair describable as " frizzy." It iseasily distinguishable from the See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic and See also:

• EUROPEAN

European types, but not from the negroid See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool . It is always thick and black, and is characteristic of the Australians, Nubians, and certain of the Mulattos . Generally hair curls in proportion to its flatness . The rounder it is the stiffer and lanker . These extremes are respectively represented by the See also:

• PAPUANS (Malay pap4wah or puwah-puwah, " frizzled," " woolly-haired," in reference to their characteristic hair-dressing)

Papuans and the See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese . Of all hair the woolly type is found to be the most persistent, as in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the Brazilian Cafusos, See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro and native hybrids . Quatrefages quotes the case of a triple hybrid, " See also:

• HALF

half negro, See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter See also:

• CHEROKEE
• CHEROKEE (native Tsalagi, " cave people ")

Cherokee, quarter See also:

• ENGLISH

English," who had short crisp furry-looking hair . Wavy types of hair vary most in colour: almost the deepest See also:

• HUE

hue of black being found See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by side with the most flaxen and towy . Colour varies less in the lank type, and scarcely at all in the woolly . The only important exception to the See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform blackness of the negroid wool is to be found among the Wochuas, a tribe of See also:

• AFRICAN

African pigmies whose hair is described by Wilhelm See also:

• JUNKER, WILHELM (1840-1892)

Junker (Travels in See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, iii. p . 82) as " of a dark, rusty brown hue." Fair hair in all its shades is frequent among the populations of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, but much rarer in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south . According to Dr See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Beddoe there are sixteen blonds out of every See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred Scotch, thirteen out of every hundred English, and two only out of a hundred Italians .

The percentage of brown hair is 75% among Spaniards, 39 among See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and 16 only in Scandinavia . Among the straight-haired races fair hair is far rarer; it is, however, found among the western Finns . Among those races with frizzy hair, red is almost as See also:

• COMMON

common as among those with wavy hair . Red hair, however, is an individual See also:

• ANOMALY (from Gr. lwvw)

anomaly associated ordinarily with freckles . There are no red-haired races . A certain correlation appears to exist between the nature of hair and its See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute or relative length in the two sexes . Thus straight hair is the longest (Chinese, Red Indians), while woolly is shortest . Wavy hair holds an intermediate position . In the two extremes the difference of length in See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man and woman is scarcely noticeable . In some lank-haired races, men's tresses are as long as See also:

• WOMEN

women's, e.g. the Chinese pigtail, and the hair of Redskins which grows to the length sometimes of upwards of 9 ft . In the frizzy-haired peoples, men and women have equally short growths . Bushwomen, the See also:

• FEMALE

female Hottentot and negresses have hair no longer than men's .

It is only in the wavy, and now and again in the frizzy types, that the difference in the sexes is marked . Among European men the length rarely exceeds 12 to 16 in., while with women the mean length is between 25 and 30 in. and in some cases has been known to reach 6 ft. or more . The growth of hair on the body corresponds in general with that on the head . The hairiest races are the Australians and Tasmanians, whose heads are veritable mops in the thickness and unkempt luxuriance of the locks . Next to them are the See also:

• TODAS

Todas, and other See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill-tribesmen of India, and the Hairy See also:

• AINU (" man ")

Ainu of See also:

• JAPAN

Japan . Traces, too, of the markedly hairy race, now See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct, supposed to be the ancestor of Toda and Ainu alike, are to be found here and there in Europe, especially among the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian peasantry . The least hairy peoples are the yellow races, the men often scarcely having rudimentary beards, e.g . Indians of See also:

• AMERICA

America and the Mongols . Negroid peoples may be said to be intermediate, but usually incline to hairlessness . The wavy-haired populations hold also an intermediate position, but somewhat incline to hairiness . Among negroes especially no See also:

• RULE

rule can be formulated . Bare types such as the Bushmen and western negroes are found contiguous to hairy types such as the inhabitants of Ashantee .

Neither is there any rule as to baldness . From See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics taken in America it would seem that it is ten times less frequent among negroes than among whites between the ages of See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-three and See also:

• FORTY

forty-five years, and thirty times less between twenty-one and thirty-two years . Among Mulattos it is more frequent than among negroes but less than among whites . It is rarer among Redskins than among negroes . The lanugo or downy hairs, with which the human foetus is covered for some time before See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth and which is mostly See also:

• SHED

shed in the womb, and the See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute hairs which See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover nearly every See also:

• PART

part of the adult human body, may be regarded as rudimentary remains of a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete hairy covering in the ancestors of mankind . The See also:

• PLIOCENE (from the Gr. sr?eiov, mere, and xatvbs, recent)

Pliocene, or at all events See also:

• MIOCENE

Miocene precursor of man, was a furred creature . The See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian mummies six thousand years old or more has proved that this physical criterion remains unchanged, and that it is to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day what it was so many scores of centuries back . Perhaps, then, the See also:

• PRIMARY

primary divisions of mankind were distinguished by hair the same in texture and colour as that which characterizes to-day the great ethnical See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups . The wavy type See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges the gulf between the lank and woolly types, all in turn derived from a common hair-covered being . In this connexion it is See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth mention, as pointed out by P . Topinard, that though the regions occupied by the negroid races are the See also:

• HABITAT (a French word derived from habiter, Lat. habitare, to dwell)

habitat of the anthropoid apes, the hair of the latter is real hair, not wool . Further in the eastern section of the dark domain, while the Papuan is still black and See also:

• DOLICHOCEPHALIC (long-headed)

dolichocephalic, his presumed See also:

• PRO

pro-genitor, the orang-utan, is See also:

• BRACHYCEPHALIC (Gr. for short-headed)

brachycephalic with decidedly red hair .

Thus the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white races are seen to come nearest the higher apes in this respect, yellow next, and black farthest removed . No test has proved, on repeated examination, to be a safer one of racial purity than the quality of hair, and Pruner-Bey goes so far as to suggest that " a single hair presenting the See also:

• AVERAGE

average form characteristic of the race might serve to define it." At any See also:

• RATE

rate a hair of an individual bears the See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp of his origin . See Dr Pruner-Bey in Memoires de la societe d'anthropologie, ii . P . A . Brown, See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

Classification of Mankind by the Hair; P . Topinard, L'Homme dans la nature (1891), See also:

• CHAP

chap. vi . See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce.—Hair enters into a considerable variety of manufactures . Bristles are the stout elastic hairs obtained from the backs of certain breeds of pigs . The finest qualities, and the greatest quantities as well, are obtained from See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, where a variety of See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig is reared principally on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of its bristles . The best and most costly bristles are used by shoemakers, secondary qualities being employed for See also:

• TOILET

toilet and clothes-brushes, while inferior qualities are worked up into the commoner kinds of brushes used by painters and for many See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical purposes . For artists' use and for decorative See also:

• PAINTING

painting, brushes or pencils of hair from the See also:

• SABLE
• SABLE, AMERICAN
• SABLE, CHINESE
• SABLE, MADELEINE DE SOUVRE, MARQUISE DE (1599—1678)
• SABLE, RUSSIAN

sable, See also:

• CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)

camel, See also:

• BADGER

badger, See also:

• POLECAT

polecat, &c., are prepared .

The hair of various animals which is too short for See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning into See also:

• YARN

yarn is utilized for the manufacture of See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt . For this use the hair of rabbits, See also:

• HARES

hares, beavers and of several other rodents is largely employed, especially in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, in making the finer qualities of felt hats . Cow hair, obtained from tanneries, is used in the preparation of roofing felts, and felt for covering boilers or See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam-pipes, and for other similar purposes . It is also largely used by plasterers for binding the See also:

• MORTAR

mortar of the walls and See also:

• ROOFS

roofs of houses; and it is to some extent being See also:

• WOVEN

woven up into coarse friezes, See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-cloths, railway rugs and inferior blankets . The tail hair of oxen is also of value for stuffing cushions and other upholstery See also:

• WORK

work, for which purpose, as well as for making the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official wigs of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law See also:

• OFFICERS

officers, barristers, &c, the tail and body hair of the See also:

• YAK

yak or See also:

• TIBET, or THIBET

Tibet ox is also sometimes imported into Europe . The tail and mane hair of horses is in great demand for various purposes . The long tail hair is especially valuable for See also:

• WEAVING

weaving into hair-See also:

• CLOTH

cloth, mane hair and the short tail hair being, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal)y prepared and curled for stuffing the chairs, sofas and couches which are covered with the cloth manufactured from the long hair . The horse hair used in Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain is principally obtained from South America, See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and Russia, and its sorting, cleaning and working up into the various manufactures dependent on the material are See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries of some importance . In addition to the purposes already alluded to, horse hair is woven into See also:

• CRINOLINE (a Fr. word formed of the Lat. crinis, hair, and linum, thread)

crinoline for ladies' bonnets, plaited into fishing lines, woven into bags for oil and See also:

• CIDER (q.v.)
• CIDER, or CYDER (from the Fr. cidre, derived from the Lat. sicera or cisera, Gr. mucepa, Heb. shade, strong drink)

cider pressers, and into straining cloths for brewers, &c., and for numerous other See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor uses . The manufactures which arise in connexion with human hair are more See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar than important, although occasionally fashions arise which cause a large demand for human hair . The fluctuations of such fashions determine the value of hair; but at all times long tresses are of considerable value . See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

Grey, See also:

• LIGHT

light, See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale and See also:

• AUBURN
• AUBURN (from the Low Lat. alburnus, whitish, light-coloured)

auburn hair are distinguished as extra See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours, and command much higher prices than the common shades .

The light-coloured hair is chiefly obtained in Germany and See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, and the south of France is the principal source of the darker shades . In the south of France the cultivation and See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of heads of hair by See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant girls is a common practice; and See also:

• HAWKERS

hawkers attend fairs for the See also:

• SPECIAL

special purpose of engaging in this See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic . Hair 5 and even 6 ft. long is sometimes obtained . Scarcely any of the " raw material " is obtained in the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom except in the form of ladies' " combings." See also:

• BLEACHING

Bleaching of flair by means of peroxide of See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen is extensively practised, with the view of obtaining a See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of See also:

• GOLDEN

golden locks, or of preparing white hair for mixing to match grey shades; but in neither case is the result very successful . Human hair is worked up into a great variety of wigs, scalps, artificial fronts, frizzets and curls, all for supplementing the scanty or failing resources of nature . The plaiting of human hair into articles of jewellery, See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch-See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

guards, &c., forms a distinct See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . HAIR-TAIL (Trichiurus), a marine See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish belonging to the Acanthopterygii scombriformes, with a long See also:

• BAND

band-like body terminating in a See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread-like tail, and with strong prominent See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth in both jaws . Several See also:

• SPECIES

species are known, of which one, common in the tropical See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic, not rarely reaches the See also:

• BRITISH

British Islands .