Or HISPANIOLA] See also:

• SAN

SAN DOMINGO HAYTI See also:

• Or HISPANIOLA] SAN DOMINGO HAYTI HAITI [HAITI

HAITI [HAITI  , an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Indies . It lies almost in the centre of the See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain and, with the exception of See also:

• CUBA (the aboriginal name)

Cuba, is the largest of the See also:

• GROUP

group . Its greatest length between Cape Engano on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and Cape See also:

• DES

des Irois on the west is 407 m., and its greatest breadth between Cape Beata on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south and Cape See also:

• ISABELLA (1451-15o4)
• ISABELLA, ISABEAU

Isabella on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north 16o m . The See also:

• AREA

area is 28,000 sq. m., being rather less than that of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland . From Cuba, 70 m . W.N.W., and from See also:

• JAMAICA

Jamaica, 13o m . W.S.W., it is separated by the Windward Passage; and from See also:

• PORTO

Porto Rico, 6o m . E., by the See also:

• MONA

Mona Passage . It lies between 17° 37' and 20° o' N. and 68° 20' and 74° 28' W . From the west See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast project two peninsulas . The south-western, of which Cape Tiburon forms the extremity, is the larger . It is 15o m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and its width varies from 20 to 4o m .

See also:

• COLUMBUS
• COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER [in Spanish CRISTOBAL COLON] (c. 1446, or perhaps rather 1451, -15o6)

Columbus landed at See also:

• MOLE
• MOLE, LOUIS MATHIEU, COMTE (1781—1855)
• MOLE, MATHIEU (1584—1656)

Mole St See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas at the point of the north-western See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula, which is 5o m. long, with an See also:

• AVERAGE

average breadth of 4o m . Between these lies the Gulf of Gonaive, a triangular See also:

• BAY

bay, at the See also:

• APEX

apex of which stands the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• PORT

Port-au-See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince . The island of Gonaive, opposite the city at a distance of 27 m., divides the entrance to Port-au-Prince into two See also:

• FINE

fine channels, and forms an excellent See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, 200 sq. m. in extent, the See also:

• CORAL

coral reefs along the coast being its only defect . On the north-east coast is the magnificent Bay of Samana, formed by the peninsula of that name, a See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain range projecting into the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea; its mouth is protected by a coral See also:

• REEF (1)

reef stretching 84m. from the south coast . There is however, a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good passage for See also:

• SHIPS

ships, and within lies a safe and beautiful expanse of See also:

• WATER

water 300 sq. m. in extent . Beyond Samana, with the exception of the poor harbour of Santo Domingo, there are no inlets on the east and south coasts until the Bays of Ocoa and Neyba are reached . The south coast of the Tiburon peninsula has good harbours at Jacmel, Bainet, Aquin and See also:

• LES

Les Cayes or Aux Cayes . The only inlets of any importance between Aux Cayes and Port-au-Prince are Jeremie and the Bay of Baraderes . The coast See also:

• LINE

line is estimated at 1250 M . See also:

• HAITI [HAITI, HAYTI, SAN DOMINGO, Or HISPANIOLA]

Haiti is essentially a mountainous island . Steep escarpments, leading to the rugged uplands of the interior, reach almost every-where down to the shores, leaving only here and there a few strips of See also:

• BEACH

beach . There are three fairly distinct mountain ranges, the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern, central and See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern, with parallel axes from E. to W.; while extensive and fertile plains See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie between them .

The northern range usually called the Sierra de Monti Cristi, extends from Cape Samana on the east to Cape Fragata on the west . It has a mean See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of 3000 ft., culminating in the Loma Diego Campo (3855 ft.), near the centre of the range . The central range runs from Cape Engano to Cape St Nicholas, some 400 m. in an oblique direction from E. to W . Towards the centre of the island it broadens and forms two distinct chains; the northern, the Sierra del Cibao, constituting the backbone of Haiti; the southern curving first S.W., then N.W., and reaching the sea near St Marc . In addition to these there are a number of secondary crests, difficult to trace to the back-See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone of the See also:

• SYSTEM

system, since the loftiest peaks are usually on some lateral See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge . Such for instance is Loma Tina (10,300 ft.) the highest elevation on the island, which rises as a See also:

• SPUR (A.S. spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. M.H.G. sporn, mod. Ger. Sporn)

spur N.W. of the city of Santo Domingo . In the Sierra del Cibao, the highest See also:

• SUMMIT

summit is the See also:

• PICO

Pico del Yaqui (9700 ft.) . The southern range runs from the Bay of Neyba due W. to Cape Tiburon . Its highest points are La Selle (89o0 ft.) and La Hotte (7400 ft.) . The See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain of Seybo or Los Llanos is the largest of the Haitian plains . It stretches eastwards from the See also:

• RIVER

river Ozama for 95 m. and has an average width of 16 m . It is perfectly level, abundantly watered, and admirably adapted for the rearing of See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle .

But perhaps the grandest is the See also:

• VEGA, GARCILASO DE LA
• VEGA, GARCILASO DE LA (1503-1536)

Vega Real, or Royal Plain, as it was called by Columbus, which lies between the Cibao and Monti Cristi ranges . It stretches from Samana Bay to See also:

• MANZANILLO

Manzanillo Bay, a distance of 140 m., but is interrupted in the centre by a range of hills in which rise the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers which drain it . The northern See also:

• PART

part of this plain, however, is usually known as the Valley of See also:

• SANTIAGO, or SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Santiago . Most of the large valleys are in a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of nature, in part See also:

• SAVANNA

savanna, in part wooded, and all very fertile . There are four large rivers . The Yaqui, rising in the Pico del Yaqui, falls, after a tortuous north-See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly course through the valley of Santiago, into Manzanillo Bay; its mouth is obstructed by shallows, and it is navigable only for canoes . The Neyba, or South Yaqui, also rises in the Pico del Yaqui and flows S. into the Bay of Neyba . In the mountains within a few See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles from the See also:

• SOURCES

sources of these rivers, rise the Yuna and the Artibonite . The Yuna drains the Vega Real, flows into Samana Bay, and is navigable by See also:

• LIGHT

light-See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught vessels for some distance from its mouth . The Artibonite flows through the valley of its name into the Gulf of GonaIve . Of the smaller rivers the Ozama, on which the city of Santo Domingo stands, is the most important . The greatest See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake is that of Enriquillo or Xaragua, at a height of 300 ft. above sea-level .

It is 27 M. long by 8 m. broad and very deep . Though 25 M. from the sea its See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters are See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, and the Haitian negroes See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call it Etang See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

Sale . After heavy rains it occasionally forms a continuous See also:

• SHEET

sheet of water with another lake called Azuey, or Etang Saumatre, which is 16 m. long by 4 M. broad ; on these occasions the See also:

• UNITED

united lake has a See also:

• TOTAL

total length of 6o m. and is larger than the Lake of See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva . Farther S. is the Icoten de See also:

• LIMON, or PORT LIMON

Limon, 5 m. long by 2 M. broad, a fresh-water lake with no visible outlet . Smaller lakes are Rincon and Miragoane . There are no active volcanoes, but earthquakes are not infrequent . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The geology of Haiti is still very imperfectly known, and large tracts of the island have never been examined by a geologist . It is possible that the See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists that have been observed in some parts of the island may be of Pre-cretaceous See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, but the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest rocks in which fossils have yet been found belong to the Cretaceous System, and the See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological sequence is very similar to that of Jamaica . Excluding the schists of doubtful age, the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series begins with sandstones and conglomerates, containing pebbles of See also:

• SYENITE

syenite, See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite, See also:

• DIORITE (from the Gr. S&oi4eiv to distinguish, from hA through, Epos, a boundary)

diorite, &c.; and these are overlaid by marls, See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays and limestones containing Hippurites . Then follows a series of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand-stones, clays and limestones with occasional seams of See also:

• LIGNITE (Lat. lignum, wood)

lignite, evidently of shallow-water origin . These are referred by R . T .

See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill to the See also:

• EOCENE (Gr. *In, dawn, icauvos, recent)

Eocene, and they are succeeded by chalky beds which were laid down in a deeper sea and which probably correspond with the See also:

• MONTPELIER

Montpelier beds of Jamaica (Oligocene) . Finally, there are limestones and marls composed largely of See also:

• CORALS (KoRAis), ADAMANTIOS [in French, DIAMANT CORAY] (1748–1833)

corals and molluscs, which are probably of very See also:

• LATE

late See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary or See also:

• POST

Post-tertiary age . Until, however, the island has been more thoroughly examined, the correlation of the various Tertiary and Post-tertiary deposits must remain doubtful . Some of the beds which Hill has placed in the Eocene have been referred by earlier writers to the See also:

• MIOCENE

Miocene . Tippenhauer describes extensive eruptions of See also:

• BASALT

basalt of Post-See also:

• PLIOCENE (from the Gr. sr?eiov, mere, and xatvbs, recent)

pliocene age . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna and See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—The fauna is not extensive . The See also:

• AGOUTI

agouti is the largest See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild mammal . Birds are few, excepting water-See also:

• FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

fowl and pigeons . See also:

• SNAKES

Snakes abound, though few are venomous . Lizards are numerous, and See also:

• INSECTS

insects swarm in the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low parts, with tarantulas, scorpions and' centipedes . Caymans are found in the lakes and rivers, and the waters teem with See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish and other sea See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food . Wild cattle, hogs and See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs, descendants of those brought from See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, roam at large on the plains and in the forests .

The wild hogs furnish much See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport to the natives, who See also:

• HUNT, ALFRED WILLIAM (183o-1896)
• HUNT, HENRY (1i73-1835)
• HUNT, HENRY JACKSON (1819-1889)
• HUNT, JAMES HENRY LEIGH (1784-1859)
• HUNT, ROBERT (1807-1887)
• HUNT, THOMAS STERRY (1826-1892)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HENRY (1790—1864)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HOLMAN (1827-1910)
• HUNT, WILLIAM MORRIS (1824-1879)

hunt them with dogs trained for the purpose . In richness and variety of See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable products Haiti is not excelled by any other See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country in the See also:

• WORLD

world . All tropical See also:

• PLANTS

plants and trees grow in perfection, and nearly all the vegetables and fruits of temperate climates may be successfully cultivated in the See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands . Among indigenous products are See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice, See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, See also:

• COCOA

cocoa, See also:

• GINGER (Fr. gingembre, Ger. Ingwer)

ginger, native See also:

• INDIGO (earlier indico, from Lat. indicum, the Indian sub-stance or dye; the Sans. name was niti, from nila, dark blue, and this through Arab. al-nil, annil, gives " aniline ")

indigo (indigo marron or sauvage), See also:

• ARROWROOT

arrowroot, manioc or See also:

• CASSAVA

cassava, See also:

• PIMENTO

pimento, See also:

• BANANA

banana, See also:

• PLANTAIN (Lat. plantago)

plantain, See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine-See also:

• APPLE (a common Teut. word, A.S. aepl, aeppel, O.H.G. aphul, aphal, apfal, mod. Ger. Apfel)

apple, See also:

• ARTICHOKE

artichoke, See also:

• YAM

yam and sweet See also:

• POTATO
• POTATO (Solanum tuberosum)

potato . Among the important plants and fruits are See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-See also:

• CANE

cane, See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee, indigo (called indigo See also:

• FRANC

franc, to distinguish it from the native), melons, See also:

• CABBAGE

cabbage, See also:

• LUCERNE
• LUCERNE (Ger. Luzern; Ital. Lucerne)
• LUCERNE, LAKE OF
• LUCERNE, PURPLE MEDICK

lucerne, See also:

• GUINEA

guinea grass and the breadfruit, See also:

• MANGO

mango, caimite, See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange, See also:

• ALMOND (from the O. Fr. almande or alemande, late Lat. amandola, derived through a form amingdola from the Gr. l uybian, an almond; the al- for a- is probably due to a confusion with the Arabic article al, the word having first dropped the a- as in the It

almond, apple, See also:

• GRAPE

grape, mulberry and fig . Most of the imported fruits have degenerated from want of care, but the mango, now spread over nearly the whole island, has become almost a necessary See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of food; the See also:

• BREAD

bread-See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit has likewise 'become See also:

• COMMON

common, but is not so much esteemed . Haiti is also See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods, especially in See also:

• CABINET

cabinet and dye woods; among the former are See also:

• MAHOGANY

mahogany, manchineel, satinwood, See also:

• ROSEWOOD

rosewood, See also:

• CINNAMON

cinnamon See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood (Canella See also:

• ALBA

alba), yellow acoma (Sideroxylon maslichodendron) and gri-gri; and among the latter are See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil wood, See also:

• LOGWOOD (so called from the form in which it is imported)

logwood, See also:

• FUSTIC (Fr. fusloc, from Arab. fustuq, Gr. =rw-r&Krl, pistachio) YELLOW

fustic and sassafras . On the mountains are extensive forests of pine and aspecies of See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak; and in various parts occur the See also:

• LOCUST

locust, See also:

• IRONWOOD

ironwood, See also:

• CYPRESS (Cupressus)

cypress or Bermuda See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar, See also:

• PALMETTO

palmetto and many kinds of palms . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—Owing to the See also:

• GREAT

great diversity of its See also:

• RELIEF

relief Haiti presents a wider range of climate than any other part of the See also:

• ANTILLES

Antilles . The yearly rainfall is abundant, averaging about 12o in., but the wet and dry seasons are clearly divided . At Port-au-Prince the See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season lasts from See also:

• APRIL

April to See also:

• OCTOBER

October, but varies in other parts of the island, so that there is never a season when See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain is See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general . The mountain districts are constantly bathed in dense mists and heavy dews, while other districts are almost rainless .

Owing to its r,heltered position the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat at Port-au-Prince is greater than elsewhere . In summer the temperature there ranges between 80° and 95° F. and in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter between 70° and 80° F . Even in the highlands the See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

mercury never falls below 45° F . Hurricanes are not so frequent as in the Windward Isles, but violent See also:

• GALES (mod. Calvi)

gales often occur . The prevailing winds are from the east . The See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic of Haiti.—Haiti is divided into two parts, the See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro republic of Haiti owning the western third of the island, while the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder belongs to Santo Domingo (q.v.) or the Dominican Republic . Between these two governments there exists the strongest See also:

• POLITICAL

political antipathy . Although but a small state, with an area of only 10,204 sq. m., the republic of Haiti is, in many respects, one of the most interesting communities in the world, as it is the earliest and most successful example of a state peopled, and governed on a constitutional See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model, by negroes . At its See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head is a See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president assisted by two See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers, the members of which are elected and hold See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office under a constitution of 1889 . This constitution, thoroughly republican in See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, is See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French in origin, as are also the See also:

• LAWS

laws, See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, traditions and customs of Haiti . In practice, however, the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government resolves itself into a military despotism, the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power being concentrated in the hands of the president . The Haitians seem to possess everything that a progressive and civilized nation can See also:

• DESIRE

desire, but corruption is spread through every portion and See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the government. See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice is venal, and the See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police are brutal and inefficient .

Since 1869 the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic has been the state See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, but all classes of society seem to be permeated with a thinly disguised adherence to the horrid See also:

• RITES

rites of See also:

• VOODOO

Voodoo (q.v.), although this has been strenuously denied . The country is divided into 5 departemenis, 23 arrondissements and 67 communes . Each departement and See also:

• ARRONDISSEMENT (from arrondir, to make round)

arrondissement is governed by a general in the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . The army See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers about 7000 men, and the See also:

• NAVY

navy consists of a few small vessels . Elementary See also:

• EDUCATION

education is See also:

• FREE

free, and there are some 400 See also:

• PRIMARY

primary See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools; secondary education is mainly in the hands of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church . The Sisters of Charity and the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

Brothers have schools at Port-au-Prince, where there is also a See also:

• LYCEUM

lyceum, a medical and a See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law school . The See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of the wealthier classes are usually sent to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France for their education . The unit of See also:

• MONEY

money is the gourde, the nominal value of which is the same as the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• DOLLAR

dollar, but it is subject to great fluctuations . The See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue is almost entirely derived from customs, paid both on imports and exports . There being a lack of See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital and enter-prise, the excessive customs dues produce a very depressed See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . Imports are consequently confined to See also:

• BARE

bare necessaries, the cheapest sorts of dry and See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy goods, matches, See also:

• FLOUR

flour, salt See also:

• BEEF (through O. Fr. boef, mod. boeuf, from Lat. bos, bovis, ox, Gr. f3oiir, which show the ultimate connexion with the Sanskrit go, gaits, ox, and thus with " cow")

beef and pork, codfish, See also:

• LARD (Fr. lard, from Lat. laridum, bacon fat, related to Gr. Naptvos fat, Napos dainty or sweet)

lard, See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter and similar See also:

• PRO

pro-visions . The exports are coffee, cocoa, logwood, cotton, See also:

• GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum, See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey, tobacco and sugar .

The island is one of the most fertile in the world, and if it had an enlightened and See also:

• STABLE

stable government, an energetic See also:

• PEOPLE

people, and a little capital, its agricultural possibilities would seem to be endless . Communications are See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad; the roads constructed during the French occupation have degenerated into See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere bridle tracks . There is a coast service of steamers, maintained since 1863, and 26 ports are regularly visited every ten days . See also:

• FOREIGN

Foreign communication is excellent, more foreign steamships visiting this island than any other in the West Indies . A railway from Port-au-Prince runs through the Plain of Cul de See also:

• SAC

Sac for 28 M. to Manneville on the Etang Saumatre, another runs from Cap Haitien to La Grande See also:

• RIVIERE, BRITON (1840- )

Riviere, 15 M. distant . The people are almost entirely pure-blooded negroes, the mulattoes, who form about 10% of the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, being a rapidly diminishing and much-hated class . The negroes are a kindly, hospitable people, but ignorant and lazy . They have a See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion for dancing weird See also:

• AFRICAN

African dances to the See also:

• ACCOMPANIMENT (i.e. that which " accompanies ")

accompaniment of the tom-tom . See also:

• MARRIAGE

Marriage is neither frequent nor legally prescribed, since children of looser unions are regarded by the state as legitimate . In the interior See also:

• POLYGAMY, (Gr. nabs, many, and yayos, marriage)

polygamy is frequent . The people generally speak a curious but not unattractive See also:

• PATOIS

patois of French origin, known as See also:

• CREOLE (the Fr. form of criollo, a West Indian, probably a negro corruption of the Span. criadillo, the dim. of criado, one bred or reared, from criar, to breed, a derivative of the Lat. creare, to create)

Creole . French is the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official language, and by a few of the educated natives it is written and spoken in its purity .

On the whole it must be owned that, after a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence and self-government, the Haitian people have made no progress, if they have not actually shown signs of retrogression . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief towns are Port-au-Prince (pop . 75.000), Cap Haitien (29,000), Les Cayes (25,000), Gonaive (18,000), and Port de Paix (10,000) . Jeremie was the birthplace of the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• DUMAS, ALEXANDRE
• DUMAS, ALEXANDRE [" DUMAS FILS"] (1824-1895)
• DUMAS, GUILLAUME MATHIEU, COUNT (1753-1837)
• DUMAS, JEAN BAPTISTE ANDRE (1800-1884)

Dumas . The ruins of the wonderful See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of Sans-Souci and of the fortress of La Ferriere, built by See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• HENRI

Henri Christophe (1807-1825), can be seen near Millot, a See also:

• TOWN

town 9 M. inland from Cap Haitien . Plaisance (25,000), See also:

• GROS, ANTOINE JEAN, BARON (1771–1835)

Gros Morne (22,000) and La Croix des Bouquets (20,000) are the largest towns in the interior . The entire population of the republic is about 1,500,000 . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—The history of Haiti begins with its See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery by Columbus, who landed from Cuba at Mole St Nicholas on the 6th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1492 . The natives called the country Haiti (mountainous country), and Quisquica (vast country) . Columbus named it Espagnola (Little See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain), which was latinized into Hispaniola . At the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of its discovery, the island was inhabited by about 2,000,000 See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians, who are described by the Spaniards as feeble in See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect and physically defective . They were, however, soon exterminated, and their See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place was supplied (as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1512) by slaves imported from See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, the descendants of whom now possess the See also:

• LAND

land .

Six years after its discovery Columbus had explored the interior of the island, founded the See also:

• PRESENT

present capital, and had established flourishing settlements at Isabella, Santiago, La Vega, Porto See also:

• PLATA, RIO DE LA, or RIVER PLATE

Plata and Bonao . Mines had been opened up, and advances made in See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture . Sugar was introduced in 1506, and in a few years became the See also:

• STAPLE

staple product . About 1630, a mixed See also:

• COMPANY

company of French and See also:

• ENGLISH

English, driven by the Spaniards from St Kitts, settled on the island of Tortuga, where they became formidable under the name of See also:

• BUCCANEERS

Buccaneers . They soon obtained a footing on the mainland of Haiti, and by the treaty of See also:

• RYSWICK, TREATY OF

Ryswick, 1697, the part they occupied was ceded to France . This new See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony, named See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint Dominique, subsequently attained a high degree of prosperity, and was in a flourishing state when the French Revolution See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out in 1789 . The population was then composed of whites, free coloured people (mostly mulattoes) and negro slaves . The mulattoes demanded See also:

• CIVIL

civil rights, up to that time enjoyed only by the whites; and in 1791 the See also:

• NATIONAL

National See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention conferred on them all the privileges of French citizens . The whites at once adopted the most violent See also:

• MEASURES

measures, and petitioned the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home government to See also:

• REVERSE

reverse. the See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree, which was accordingly revoked . In See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1791, the See also:

• PLANTATION (Lat. plantare, to plant)

plantation slaves broke out into insurrection, and the mulattoes threw in their See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot with them . A See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of turmoil followed, lasting for several years, during which both parties were responsible for acts of the most revolting See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty . Commissioners were sent out from France with full See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle the dispute, but although in 1793 they proclaimed the abolition of See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery, they could effect nothing .

To add further to the troubles of the colony, it was invaded by a See also:

• BRITISH

British force, which, in spite of the climate and the opposition of the colonists, succeeded in maintaining itself until driven out in 1798 by See also:

• TOUSSAINT

Toussaint 1'Ouverture . By treaty with Spain, in 1795, France had acquired the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title to the entire island . By 1801, Toussaint 1'Ouverture, an accomplished negro of remarkable military See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius, had succeeded in restoring See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order . He then published, subject to the approval of France, a form of constitutional government, under which he was to be See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor for See also:

• LIFE

life . This step, however, roused the suspicions of See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte, then first See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul, who determined to reduce the colony and restore slavery . He sent out his See also:

• BROTHER

brother-in-law, General Leclerc, with 25,000 troops; but the colonists offered a determined, and often ferocious, resistance . At length, wearied of the struggle, Leclercproposed terms, and Toussaint, induced by the most See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn guarantees on the part of the French, laid down his arrps . He was seized and sent to France, where he died in See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison in 1803 . The blacks, infuriated by this See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of treachery, renewed the struggle, under See also:

• JEAN

Jean Jacques Dessalines (1758-1806), with a barbarity unequalled in previous contests . The French, further embarrassed by the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of a British See also:

• FLEET

fleet, were only too glad to evacuate the island in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1803 . The opening of the following See also:

• YEAR

year saw the See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of independence, and the restoration of the aboriginal name of Haiti . Dessalines, made governor for life, inaugurated his See also:

• RULE

rule with a bloodthirsty See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre of all the whites .

In October 1804, he proclaimed himself See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor and was crowned with great pomp; but in 1806 his subjects, growing tired of his tyranny, assassinated him . His position was now contended for by several chiefs, one of whom, Henri Christophe (1767-1820), established himself in the north, while See also:

• ALEXANDRE, NOEL (NATALIS ALEXANDER) (1639-1724)

Alexandre Sabes Petion (1770-1818) took See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the southern part . The Spaniards re-established themselves in the eastern part of the island, retaining the French name, modified to Santo Domingo . Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war now raged between the adherents of Christophe and Petion, but in 1810 hostilities were suspended . Christophe declared himself king of Haiti under the title of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry I.; but his cruelty caused an insurrection, and in 1820 he committed See also:

• SUICIDE (from Lat. sui, of oneself, and cidium, from cued ere, to kill)

suicide . Petion was succeeded in 1818 by General Jean See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre See also:

• BOYER, ALEXIS (1757-1833)
• BOYER, JEAN PIERRE (1776-1850)

Boyer (1776-1850), who, after Christophe's See also:

• DEATH

death, made himself See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of all the French part of the island . In 1821 the eastern end of the island proclaimed its independence of Spain, and Boyer, taking ad-vantage of dissensions there, invaded it, and in 1822 the dominion of the whole island See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into his hands . Boyer held the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of the new government, which was called the republic of Haiti, until 1843, when he was driven from the island by a revolution . In 1844 the people at the eastern end of the island again asserted their independence . The republic of Santo Domingo was established, and from that time the two political divisions have been maintained . Meanwhile in Haiti revolution followed re-volution, and president succeeded president, in rapid See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession . Order, however, was established in 1849, when Soulouque, who had previously obtained the presidency, proclaimed himself emperor, under the title of Faustin I .

After a reign of nine years he was deposed and exiled, the republic being restored under the See also:

• MULATTO (Span. and Port. mulato, diminutive of mulo, Lat. mulus, a mule, used as denoting a hybrid origin)

mulatto president See also:

• FABRE
• FABRE, FERDINAND (183o—1898)

Fabre Geffrard . His See also:

• FIRM

firm and enlightened rule rendered him so unpopular that in 1867 he was forced to flee to Jamaica . He was succeeded by Sylvestre Salnave, who, after a presidency of two years, was shot . Nissage-Saget (1870), Dominique (1874), and Boisrond-See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

Canal (1876) followed, each to be driven into See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile by revolution . The next president, Salomon, maintained himself in office for ten years, but he too was driven from the country and died in exile . Civil war raged in 1888-1889 between Generals Legitime and Hippolyte, and the latter succeeded in obtaining the vacant presidency . He ruled with the most See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute authority till his death in 1896 . General Tiresias See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon Sam followed and ruled till his See also:

• FLIGHT

flight to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in 1902 . The usual civil war ensued, and after nine months of turmoil, order was restored by the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of See also:

• NORD

Nord See also:

• ALEXIS
• ALEXIS, WILLIBALD

Alexis in December 1902 . Alexis' See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration was unsuccessful, and was marked by many disturbances, culminating in his See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion . In 1904 there was an attack by native soldiery on the French and See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German representatives, and See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment was exacted by these powers . In December 1904 ex-president Sam, his wife and members of his See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry were sentenced to long terms of imprisonment for fraudulently issuing bonds .

In December 1907 a See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy against the government was reported and the ringleaders were sentenced to death . But in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1908 the revolution spread, and Gonaive and St Marc and other places were reported to be in the hands of the insurgents . Prompt measures were taken, the rising was checked, and Alexis announced the See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon of the revolutionaries . In See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March, however, this pacific policy was reversed by a new ministry; some suspects were summarily executed, and the attitude of the government was only modified when the powers sent war-ships to Port-au-Prince . In See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September the criminal See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court at the capital sentenced to death, by See also:

• DEFAULT (Fr. defaut, from defailler, to fail, Lat. fallere)

default, a large number of persons implicated in the risings earlier in the year, and in November revolution broke out again . General See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

Antoine Simon raised his See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard at Aux Cayes . Disaffection was rife among the government troops, who deserted to him in great numbers . On the znd of December Port-au-Prince was occupied without bloodshed by the revolutionaries, and Alexis took to flight, escaping violence with some difficulty, and finding See also:

• REFUGE

refuge on a French See also:

• SHIP

ship . General Simon then assumed the presidency . At the end of April 1910 Alexis died in Jamaica, in circumstances of some obscurity; it had just been discovered that a See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

plot was on See also:

• FOOT

foot to depose Simon, and further trouble was threatened .