HALIFAX
, a municipal, See also:county and See also:parliamentary See also:- BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
- BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)
borough in the See also:West See also:Riding of See also:Yorkshire, See also:England, 194 M
.
N.N.W. from See also:London and 7 m
.
S.W. from See also:Bradford, on the See also:Great See also:Northern and the See also:Lancashire & Yorkshire See also:railways
.
Pop
.
(1891) 97,714; (1901) 104,936
.
It lies in a See also:bare hilly See also:district on and above the small See also:river Hebble near its junction with the See also:Calder
.
Its See also:appearance is in the See also:main See also:modern, though a few picturesque old houses remain
.
The See also:North See also:Bridge, a See also:fine See also:iron structure, spans the valley, giving connexion between the opposite higher parts of the See also:town
.
The See also:principal public See also:building is the town See also:- HALL
- HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
- HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
- HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
- HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
- HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
- HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
- HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
- HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
- HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
- HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
- HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
- HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
- HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
- HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
- HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
- HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
- HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)
hall, completed in 1863 after the designs of See also:Sir See also:Charles See also:Barry; it is a handsome See also:Palladian building with a See also:tower
.
Of churches the most noteworthy is that of St See also:John the Baptist, the See also:parish See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
church, a Perpendicular building with lofty western tower
.
Two earlier churches are traceable on this See also:side, the first perhaps pre-See also:Norman, the second of the See also:Early See also:English See also:period
.
The old woodwork is fine, See also:part being Perpendicular, but the greater portion See also:dates from 162r
.
All Souls' church was built in 185g from the designs of Sir See also:- GILBERT
- GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
- GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
- GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
- GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
- GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
- GILBERT, J
- GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
- GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
- GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
- GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
- GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
- GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )
Gilbert See also:Scott, of whose See also:work it is a See also:good example, at the expense of Mr See also:Edward Akroyd
.
The See also:style is early Decorated, and a See also:rich ornamentation is carried out in See also:Italian See also:marble, See also:serpentine and See also:alabaster
.
A graceful tower and See also:spire 236 ft. high rise at the north-west See also:angle
.
The Square See also:chapel, erected by the Congregationalists in 1857, is a striking cruciform building with a tower and elaborate crocketed spire
.
Both the central library and museum and the Akroyd museum and See also:art See also:gallery occupy buildings which were formerly residences, the one of Sir See also:Francis Crossley (1817—1872) and the other of Mr Edward Akroyd
.
Among charitable institutions the principal is the handsome royal infirmary, a See also:Renaissance building
.
The See also:Heath See also:grammar school was founded in -1585 under royal See also:charter for instruction in classical See also:languages
.
It possesses See also:close scholarships at See also:- OXFORD
- OXFORD, EARLS OF
- OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
- OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
- OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
- OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
- OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST
Oxford and See also:Cambridge See also:universities
.
The See also:Waterhouse charity school occupies a handsome set of buildings forming three sides of a quadrangle, erected in 1855
.
The Crossley almshouses were erected and endowed by Sir Francis and Mr See also:Joseph Crossley, who also endowed the Crossley See also:orphan See also:home and school
.
Technical See also:schools are maintained by the See also:corporation
.
Among other public buildings may be noted the Piece-Hall, erected in 1799 for the lodgment and See also:sale of piece goods, now used as a See also:market, a great quadrangular structure occupying more than two acres; the bonding warehouse, See also:court-See also:house, and See also:mechanics' See also:institute
.
There are six parks, of which the See also:People's See also:Park of 121 acres, presented by Sir Francis Crossley in 1858, is laid out in ornate style from designs by Sir Joseph See also:Paxton
.
Halifax ranks with See also:Leeds, Bradford and See also:Huddersfield as a seat of the woollen and worsted manufacture
.
The manufacture of carpets is a large See also:industry, one See also:establishment employing some
5000 hands
.
The worsted, woollen and See also:cotton See also:industries, and the iron, See also:steel and machinery manufactures are very extensive
.
There are collieries and freestone quarries in the neighbourhood
.
The parliamentary borough returns two members
.
The county borough was created in 1888
.
The municipal borough is under a See also:mayor, 15 aldermen and 45 councillors
.
See also:Area, 13,967 acres
.
At the See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time of the See also:Conquest Halifax formed part of the extensive See also:manor of See also:Wakefield, which belonged to the See also:- KING
- KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
- KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
- KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
- KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
- KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
- KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
- KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
- KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
- KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
- KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
- KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)
king, but i11 the 13th See also:century was in the hands of John, See also:earl Warrenne (C
.
1245-1305)
.
The prosperity of the town began with the introduction of the See also:cloth See also:trade in the 15th century, when there are said to have been only thirteen houses, which before the end of the 16th century had increased to 520
.
See also:Camden, about the end of the 17th century, wrote that " the people are very industrious, so that though the See also:soil about it be barren and improfitable, not See also:fit to live on, they have so flourished
.
. . by the clothing trade that they are very rich and have gained a reputation for it above their neighbours." The trade is said to have been increased by the arrival of certain merchants driven from the See also:Netherlands by the persecution of the See also:duke of See also:Alva
.
Among the curious customs of Halifax was the Gibbet See also:Law, which was probably established by a prescriptive right to protect the See also:wool trade, and gave the inhabitants the See also:power of executing any one taken within their See also:liberty, who, when tried by a See also:jury of sixteen of the See also:frith-burgesses, was found guilty of the See also:theft of any goods of the value of more than 13d
.
The executions took See also:place on market days on a See also:- HILL
- HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
- HILL, A
- HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
- HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
- HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
- HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
- HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
- HILL, JAMES J
- HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
- HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
- HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
- HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
- HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)
hill outside the town, the gibbet somewhat resembling a See also:guillotine
.
The first See also:execution recorded under this law took place in 1541, and the right was exercised in Halifax longer than in any other town, the last execution taking place in 1650
.
In 1635 the king granted the inhabitants of Halifax See also:licence to found a workhouse in a large house given to them for that purpose by Nathaniel Waterhouse, and incorporated them under the name of the See also:master and See also:governors
.
Nathaniel See also:Water-house was appointed the first master, his successors being elected every See also:year by the twelve governors from among themselves
.
Halifax was a borough by See also:prescription, its privileges growing up with the increased prosperity brought by the cloth trade, but it was not incorporated until 1848
.
Since the Reform See also:Act of 1832 the burgesses have returned two members to See also:parliament
.
In 1607 See also:David Waterhouse, See also:lord of the manor of Halifax, obtained a See also:- GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
- GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
- GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
- GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
- GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
- GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
- GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
- GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
- GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
- GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
- GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
- GRANT, U
- GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)
grant of two markets there every See also:week on See also:Friday and Saturday and two fairs every year, each lasting three days, one beginning on the 24th of See also:June, the other on the 1th of See also:November
.
Later these fairs and markets were confirmed with the addition of an extra market on See also:Thursday to Sir See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William Ayloffe, See also:baronet, who had succeeded David Waterhouse as lord of the manor
.
The market rights were sold to the Markets See also:Company in 1810 and See also:purchased from them by the corporation in 1853
.
During the See also:Civil See also:War Halifax was garrisoned by parliament, and a See also:- FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
- FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
- FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
- FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
- FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
- FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
- FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
- FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
- FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
- FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
- FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)
field near it is still called the Bloody Field on See also:account of an engagement which took place there between the forces of parliament and the Royalists
.
See See also:Victoria County See also:History, " Yorkshire "; T
.
See also:Wright, The Antiquities of the Town of Halifax (Leeds, 1738) ; John See also:Watson, The History and Antiquities of the Parish of Halifax (London, 1775) ; John Crabtree, A Concise History of the Parish and Vicarage of Halifax (Halifax and London, 1836)
.
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