See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

ANDREW [ANDREW See also:

• ANDREW [ANDREW HALLIDAY DUFF] HALLIDAY (1830-1877)

HALLIDAY See also:

• DUFF, ALEXANDER (1806-1878)

DUFF] HALLIDAY (1830-1877)  , See also:

• BRITISH

British journalist and dramatist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Marnoch, See also:

• BANFFSHIRE

Banffshire, in 1830 . He was educated at Marischal See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• ABERDEEN
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE GORDON, 1ST EARL O (1637-1720)
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE HAMILTON GORDON, 4TH EARL

Aberdeen, and in 1849 he came to See also:

• LONDON

London, and discarding the name of See also:

• DUFF, ALEXANDER (1806-1878)

Duff, devoted himself to literature . His first engagement was with the daily papers, and his See also:

• WORK

work having attracted the See also:

• NOTICE

notice of See also:

• THACKERAY, WILLIAM MAKEPEACE (1811-1863)

Thackeray, he was invited to write for the Cornhill See also:

• MAGAZINE

Magazine . From 1861 he contributed largely to All the See also:

• YEAR

Year See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

Round, and many of his articles were republished in collected See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form . He was also the author, alone and with others, of a See also:

• GREAT

great number of farces, burlesques and melodramas and a peculiarly successful adapter of popular novels for the See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage . Of these Little Em'ly (1869), his See also:

• ADAPTATION (from Lat. adaptare. to fit to)

adaptation of See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David Copperfield, was warmly approved by See also:

• DICKENS, CHARLES JOHN HUFFAM (1812-187o)

Dickens himself, and enjoyed a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long run at See also:

• DRURY, SIR WILLIAM (1527-1579)

Drury See also:

• LANE, EDWARD WILLIAM (1801–1876)
• LANE, JAMES HENRY (1814–1866)

Lane . See also:

• HALLIDAY, ANDREW [ANDREW HALLIDAY DUFF] (1830-1877)

Halliday died in London on the loth of See also:

• APRIL

April 187 7 . HALLIWELL-PHILLIPPS, See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

JAMES See also:

• ORCHARD (O. Eng. ort-geard, later orceard; a combination apparently of Lat. hortus, garden, and " yard " or " Barth ")

ORCHARD (1820-1889), See also:

• ENGLISH

English Shakespearian See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar, son of See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Halliwell, was born in London, on the 21st of See also:

• JUNE

June 1820 . He was educated privately and at Jesus College, See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge . He devoted himself to antiquarian See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research, particularly in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early English literature . In 1839 he edited See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• MANDEVILLE, BERNARD DE (1670-1733)
• MANDEVILLE, GEOFFREY DE (d. 1144)

Mandeville's Travels; in 1842 published an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

Account of the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• MSS

MSS. in the Chetham Library, besides a newly discovered metrical See also:

• ROMANCE

romance of the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century (Torrent of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal) . He became best known, however, as a Shakespearian editor and See also:

• COLLECTOR

collector .

In 1848 he brought out his See also:

• LIFE

Life of See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare, which passed through several See also:

• EDITIONS

editions; in 1853-1865 a sumptuous edition, limited to 1 50 copies, of Shakespeare in See also:

• FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

folio, with full See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical notes; in 1863 a See also:

• CALENDAR

Calendar of the Records at See also:

• STRATFORD
• STRATFORD, JOHN DE (d. 1348)

Stratford-on-See also:

• AVON

Avon; in 1864 a See also:

• HISTORY

History of New See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

Place . After 187o he entirely gave up textual See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism, and devoted his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to elucidating the particulars of Shakespeare's life . He collated all the available facts and documents in relation to it, and exhausted the See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information to be found in See also:

• LOCAL

local records in his Outlines of the Life of Shakespeare . He was mainly instrumental in the See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase of New Place for the See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation of Stratford-on-Avon, and in the formation there of the Shakespeare museum . His publications in all numbered more than sixty volumes . He assumed the name of Phillipps in 1872, under the will of the grandfather of his first wife, a daughter of Sir Thomas Phillipps the See also:

• ANTIQUARY

antiquary . He took an active See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the See also:

• CAMDEN
• CAMDEN, CHARLES PRATT, 1ST EARL (1714-1794)
• CAMDEN, JOHN JEFFREYS PRATT, 2ND EARL
• CAMDEN, WILLIAM (1551-1623)

Camden Society, the See also:

• PERCY (FAMILY)
• PERCY, SIR HENRY
• PERCY, THOMAS (1729-1811)
• PERCY, THOMAS (c. 156o-16os)

Percy Society and the Shakespeare Society, for which he edited many early English and Elizabethan See also:

• WORKS

works . From 1845 Halliwell was excluded from the library of the British Museum on account of the suspicion attaching to his See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of some See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts which had been removed from the library of Trinity College, Cambridge . He published privately an explanation of the See also:

• MATTER

matter in 1845 . His See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, Hollingbury Copse, near See also:

• BRIGHTON

Brighton, was full of rare and curious works, and he generously gave many of them to the Chetham library, See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester, to the See also:

• TOWN

town library of See also:

• PENZANCE

Penzance, to the Smithsonian See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute, See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington, and to the library of See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh university . He died on the 3rd of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1889 . HALLOWE'EN, or ALL HALLOWS See also:

• EVE

EVE, the name given to the 31st of See also:

• OCTOBER

October as the See also:

• VIGIL (Lat. vigilia, "watch ")

vigil of Hallowmas or All See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

Saints' See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

Day .

Though now known as little else but the eve of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian festival, Hallowe'en and its formerly attendant ceremonies long antedate See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity . The two See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief characteristics of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Hallowe'en were the See also:

• LIGHTING

lighting of bonfires and the belief that of all nights in the year this is the one during which ghosts and witches are most likely to wander abroad . Now on or about the 1st of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November the See also:

• DRUIDS, ORDER OF

Druids held their great autumn festival and lighted fires in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

Sun-See also:

• GOD

god in thanksgiving for the See also:

• HARVEST (A.S. hcerfest " autumn," O.H. Ger. herbist, possibly through an old Teutonic root representing Lat. car pere, " to pluck ")

harvest . Further, it was a Druidic belief that on the eve of this festival Saman, See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of See also:

• DEATH

death, called together the wicked souls that within the past twelve months had been condemned to inhabit the bodies of animals . Thus it is clear that the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main celebrations of Hallowe'en were purely Druidical, and this is further proved by the fact that in parts of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland the 31st of October was, and even still is, known as Oidhche Shamhna, " Vigil of Saman." On the Druidic ceremonies were grafted some of the characteristics of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman festival in honour of See also:

• POMONA
• POMONA, or MAINLAND

Pomona held about the 1st of November, in which nuts and apples, as representing the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store of fruits, played an important See also:

• PART

part . Thus the roasting of nuts and the See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport known as " See also:

• APPLE (a common Teut. word, A.S. aepl, aeppel, O.H.G. aphul, aphal, apfal, mod. Ger. Apfel)

apple-See also:

• DUCKING

ducking "—attempting to seize with the See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth an apple floating in a tub of See also:

• WATER

water,—were once the universal occupation of the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young folk in See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England on the 31st of October . The See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of lighting Hallowe'en fires survived until See also:

• RECENT

recent years in the See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland and See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales . In the dying embers it was usual to place as many small stones as there were persons around, and next See also:

• MORNING

morning a See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search was made . If any of the pebbles were displaced it was regarded as certain that the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person represented would See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die within the twelve months . For details of the Hallowe'en See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games and bonfires see See also:

• BRAND, JOHN (1744-1806)
• BRAND, SIR JOHN HENRY (1823-1888)

Brand's Antiquities of Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain; See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

Chambers's See also:

• BOOK

Book of Days; See also:

• GRIMM, FRIEDRICH MELCHIOR, I
• GRIMM, JACOB LUDWIG CARL (1785-1863)
• GRIMM, WILHELM CARL (1786-1859)

Grimm's Deutsche Mythologie, ch. xx . (Elemente) and ch. xxxiv . (Aberglaube) ; and J .

G . Frazer's See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden Bough, vol. iii . Compare also See also:

• BELTANE, BELTENE, BELTINE

BELTANE and See also:

• BONFIRE (in Early English " bone-fire," Scottish " bane-fire ")

BONFIRE .