See also:

• HALMAHERA [" great land "; also Jilolo or Gilolo]

HALMAHERA [" See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• LAND

land "; also Jilolo or Gilolo]  , an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of the Dutch See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Indies, belonging to the residency of See also:

• TERNATE

Ternate, lying under the See also:

• EQUATOR (Late Lat. aequator, from aequare, to make equal)

equator and about 128° E . Its shape is extremely irregular, resembling that of the island of See also:

• CELEBES

Celebes . It consists of four peninsulas so arranged as to enclose three See also:

• GREAT

great bays (Kayu, Bicholi, Weda), all opening towards the east, the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula being connected with the others by an See also:

• ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

isthmus only 5 M. wide . On the western See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the isthmus lies another See also:

• BAY

bay, that of Dodinga, in the mouth of which are situated the two islands Ternate and See also:

• TIDORE

Tidore, whose See also:

• POLITICAL

political importance exceeds that of the larger island (see these articles) . Of the four peninsulas of See also:

• HALMAHERA [" great land "; also Jilolo or Gilolo]

Halmahera the northern and the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern are reckoned to the sultanate of Ternate, the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-eastern and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-eastern to that of Tidore; the former having eleven, the latter three districts . The distance between the extremities of the northern and southern peninsulas, measured along the See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, is about 240 m.; and the See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area of the island is 6700 sq. m . Knowledge of the island is very incomplete . It appears that the four peninsulas are traversed in the direction of their See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis by See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain chains 3000 to 4000 ft. high, covered with See also:

• FOREST

forest, without a central See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain at the See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of the island whence the peninsulas diverge . The mountain chains are frequently interrupted by plains, such as those of Weda and Kobi . The northern See also:

• PART

part of the mountain chain of the northern peninsula is volcanic, its volcanoes continuing the See also:

• LINE

line of those of Makian, Ternate and Tidore . See also:

• CORAL

Coral formations on heights in the interior would indicate oscillations of the See also:

• LAND

land in several periods, but a detailed See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology of the island is wanting . To the north-east of the northern peninsula is the considerable island of Morotai (635 sq. m.), and to the west of the southern peninsula the more important island of See also:

• BACHIAN (Dutch Batjan)

Bachian (q.v.) among others .

Galela is a considerable See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement, situated on a bay of the same name on the north-east coast, in a well cultivated See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain which extends southward and inland . Vegetation is prolific . See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

Rice is grown by the natives, but the See also:

• SAGO

sago See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree is of far greater importance to them . See also:

• DAMMAR, or DAMMER (Hind. damar=resin, pitch)

Dammar and coco-nuts are also grown . The See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea yields trepang and See also:

• PEARL
• PEARL, THE

pearl shells . A little See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade is carried on by the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese and Macassars of Ternate, who, See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the narrow isthmus of Dodinga, enter the bay of Kayu on the east coast . The total See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population is estimated at 500,000 . The inhabitants are mostly of immigrant Malayan stock . In the northern peninsula are found See also:

• PEOPLE

people of Papuan type, probably representing the See also:

• ABORIGINES

aborigines, and a tribe around Galela, who are Polynesian in physique, possibly remnants, much mixed by subsequent crossings with the Papuan indigenes, of the Caucasian hordes emigrating in prehistoric times across the Pacific . M . Achille Raffray gives a description of them in Tour du monde (1879) where photographs will be found . " They are as unlike the See also:

• MALAYS

Malays as we are, excelling them in tallness of stature and elegance of shape, and being perfectly distinguished by their See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face, with a fairly high and open brow, their aquiline See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose and their horizontally placed eyes .

Their beards are sometimes thick; their limbs are See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular; the See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour of their skins is See also:

• CINNAMON

cinnamon See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown . Spears of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron-See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, abundantly barbed, and small bows and See also:

• BAMBOO

bamboo arrows See also:

• FREE

free from See also:

• POISON

poison are their See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal weapons." They are further described as having temples (sabuas) in which they suspend images of serpents and other monsters as well as the trophies procured by See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . They believe in a better See also:

• LIFE

life hereafter, but have no See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of a See also:

• HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

hell or a See also:

• DEVIL (Gr. &a,3oXos, " slanderer," from &ctflisXX sty, to slander)

devil, their evil See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits only tormenting them in the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . The Portuguese and Spaniards were better acquainted with Halmahera than with many other parts of the See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

archipelago; they called it sometimes See also:

• BATU

Batu See also:

• CHINA

China and sometimes See also:

• MORO, ANTONIO (c. 1512-1575)

Moro . It was circumnavigated by one of their vessels in 1525, and the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general outline of the coasts is correctly given in their maps at a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when See also:

• SEPARATE

separate portions of Celebes, such as See also:

• MACASSAR (MAKASSAR, MANGKASAR)

Macassar and Menado, are represented as distinct islands . The name (Jilolo) was really that of a native state, the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan of which had the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank among the princes of the See also:

• MOLUCCAS, or SPICE ISLANDS

Moluccas before he was supplanted by the sultan of Ternate about 1380 . His See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, Jilolo, See also:

• LAY

lay on the west coast on the first bay to the north of that of Dodinga . In 1876 Danu See also:

• HASSAN

Hassan, a descendant of the sultans of Jilolo, raised an insurrection in the island for the purpose of throwing off the authority of the sultans of Tidore and Ternate; and his efforts would probably have been successful but for the intervention of the Dutch . In 1878 a Dutch expedition was directed against the pirates of Tobalai, and they were virtually extirpated . See also:

• SLAVERY

Slavery remains in the interior . Missionary See also:

• WORK

work, carried on in the northern peninsula of Halmahera since 1866, has been fairly successful among the See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen natives, but less so among the Mahommedans, who have often incited the others against the missionaries and their converts .