See also:

• HAMAR, or STOREHAMMER (GREAT HAMAR)

HAMAR, or STOREHAMMER (See also:

• GREAT

GREAT HAMAR)  , a See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway in Hedemarken amt (See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county), 78 m. by See also:

• RAIL

rail N. of See also:

• CHRISTIANIA (officially KRISTIANIA)

Christiania . Pop . (190o), 6003 . It is pleasantly situated between two bays of the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Mjosen, and is the junction cf the See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways to See also:

• TRONDHJEM, or THRONDHJEM (sometimes written in the German form Drontheim)

Trondhjem (N.) and to Otta in See also:

• GUDBRANDSDAL

Gudbrandsdal (N.W.) . The existing town was laid out in 1849, and made a.See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop's see in 1864 . Near the same site there stood an older town, which, together with a bishop's see, was founded in 1152 by the See also:

• ENGLISH

English-See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas Breakspeare (afterwards See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• ADRIAN
• ADRIAN, SAINT

Adrian IV.); but both town and See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral were destroyed by the Swedes in 1567 . Remains of the latter include a See also:

• NAVE

nave-See also:

• ARCADE

arcade with rounded See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches . The town is a centre for the See also:

• LOCAL

local agricultural and See also:

• TIMBER

timber See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . IiAMASA (ITAMASAH), the name of a famous Arabian See also:

• ANTHOLOGY

anthology compiled by Habib See also:

• IBN

ibn Aus at-Ta'i, surnamed See also:

• ABU

Abu Tammam (see See also:

• ANU

Anu TAMMAM) . The collection is so called from the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of . its first See also:

• BOOK

book, containing poems descriptive of constancy and valour in See also:

• BATTLE

battle, patient endurance of calamity, steadfastness in seeking vengeance, manfulness under reproach and temptation, all which qualities make up the attribute called by the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs hamasah (briefly paraphrased by at-Tibrizi as ash-shiddah fi-l-amr) . It consists of ten books or parts, containing in all 884 poems or fragments of poems, and named respectively—(I) al-Hamasa, 261 pieces; (2) al-Maratha, " Dirges," 169 pieces; (3) al-Adab, " See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

Manners," 54 pieces; (4) an-Nasib, " The Beauty and Love of See also:

• WOMEN

Women," 139 pieces; (5) al-Hija, " Satires," 8o pieces; (6) al-Adydf wa-l-Madih, " Hospitality and See also:

• PANEGYRIC

Panegyric," 143 pieces; ('7) at-Sift it, " See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

Miscellaneous Descriptions," 3 pieces; (8) as-Sair wa-n-Nu'as, " Journeying and Drowsiness," 9 pieces; (9) al-Mulah, " Pleasantries," 38 pieces; and (1o) Madhammat-an-nisa, "Dispraise of Women," 18 pieces . Of these books the first is by far the longest, both in the number and extent of its poems, and the first two together make up more than See also:

• HALF

half the bulk of the See also:

• WORK

work .

The poems are for the most See also:

• PART

part fragments selected from longer compositions, though a considerable number are probably entire . They are taken from the See also:

• WORKS

works of Arab poets of all periods down to that of Abu Tammam himself (the latest ascertainable date being A.D . 832), but chiefly of the poets of the Ante-Islamic See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time (Jahiliyyun), those of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early days of Al-See also:

• ISLAM

Islam (Mukhadrimun), and those who flourished during the reigns of the Omayyad caliphs, A.D . 66o–749 (Islamiyyun) . Perhaps the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest in the collection are those See also:

• RELATING

relating to the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of Basus, a famous legendary strife which arose out of the See also:

• MURDER

murder of Kulaib, See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the combined clans of Bakr and Taghlib, and lasted for See also:

• FORTY

forty years, ending with the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of Dhu-l-Majaz, about A.D . 534 . Of the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the Abbasid caliphs, under whom Abu Tammam himself lived, there are probably not more than sixteen fragments . Most of the poems belong to the class of extempore or occasional utterances, as distinguished from gasidas, or elaborately finished odes . While the latter abound with comparisons and See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long descriptions, in which the skill of the poet is exhibited with much See also:

• ART

art and ingenuity, the poems of the Hamasa are See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, See also:

• DIRECT

direct and for the most part See also:

• FREE

free from comparisons; the transitions are easy, the metaphors See also:

• SIMPLE

simple, and the purpose of the poem clearly indicated . It is due probably to the fact that this See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition was chiefly sought by Abu Tammam in compiling his collection that he has chosen hardly anything from the works of the most famous poets of antiquity . Not a single piece from Imra 'al-Qais (Amru-ul-Qais) occurs in the amasa, nor are there any from 'Alqama, See also:

• ZUHAIR [Zuhair ibn Abi Sulma Rabi' a ul-Muzani] (6th century)

Zuhair or A'sha; Nabigha is represented only by two pieces (pp . 408 and 742 of See also:

• FREYTAG, GEORG
• FREYTAG, GUSTAV (1816–1895)

Freytag's edition) of four and three verses respectively; 'Antara by two pieces of four verses each (id. pp .

206, 209); See also:

• TARAFA ['Amr ibn ul- 'Abd ul-Bakri] (6th cent.)

Tarafa by one piece of five verses (id. p . 632); See also:

• LABID
• LABID (Abu 'Agil Labicl ibn Rabi'a) (c. 56o-c. 661)

Labid by one piece of three verses (id. p . 468) ; and 'Amr ibn Kulthum by one piece of four verses (id. p . 236) . The compilation is thus essentially an anthology of See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor poets, and exhibits (so far at least as the more See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient poems are concerned) the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• AVERAGE

average of poetic utterance at a time when to speak in See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse was the daily See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of every See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior of the See also:

• DESERT

desert . To this description, however, there is an important exception in the book entitled an-Nasib, containing verses relating to women and love . In the classical See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of Arab See also:

• POETRY

poetry it was the established See also:

• RULE

rule that all gasidas, or finished odes, whatever their purpose, must begin with the mention of women and their charms (tashbib), in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, as the old critics said, that the See also:

• HEARTS

hearts of the hearers might be softened and inclined to regard kindly the theme which the poet proposed to unfold . The fragments included in this part of the work are therefore generally taken from the opening verses of gasidas; where this is not the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, they are chiefly compositions of the early Islamic period, when the school of exclusively erotic poetry (of which the greatest representative was 'See also:

• OMAR (c. 581-644)

Omar ibn Abi Rabi'a) arose . The compiler was himself a distinguished poet in the style of his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, and wandered through many provinces of the Moslem See also:

• EMPIRE

empire earning See also:

• MONEY

money and fame by his skill in panegyric . About 220 A.H. he betook himself to See also:

• KHORASAN, or KHORASSAN (i.e. " land of the sun ")

Khorasan, then ruled by 'Abdallah ibn Tahir, whom he praised and by whom he was rewarded; on his See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home to 'See also:

• IRAK

Irak he passed through Hamadhan, and was there detained for many months a See also:

• GUEST (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Gast, and Swed. gust; cognate with Lat. hostis, originally a stranger, hence enemy; cf. " host " )
• GUEST, EDWIN (1800–188o)

guest of Abu-l-Wafa, son of Salama, the road onward being blocked by heavy falls of See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow . During his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence at Hamadhan, Abu Tammam is said to have compiled or composed, from the materials which he found in Abu-1-Wafa's library, five poetical works, of which one was the Hamasa . This collection remained as a See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious See also:

• HEIRLOOM

heirloom in the See also:

• FAMILY

family of Abu-l-Wafa until their fortunes decayed, when it See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into the hands of a man of Dinawar named Abu-1-'Awadhil, who carried it to See also:

• ISFAHAN (older form Ispahan)

Isfahan and made it known to the learned of that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city .

The See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth of the Hamasa as a See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of ancient See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend, of faithful detail regarding the usages of the See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan time and early simplicity of the Arab See also:

• RACE

race, can hardly be exaggerated . The high level of excellence which is found in its selections, both as to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form and See also:

• MATTER

matter, is remarkable, and caused it to be said that Abu Tammam displayed higher qualities as a poet in his choice of extracts from the ancients than in his own compositions . What strikes us chiefly in the class of poetry of which the Hamasa is a specimen, is its exceeding truth and reality, its freedom from artificiality and hearsay, the evident first-See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand experience which the singers possessed of all of which they sang . For See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical purposes the value of the collection is not small; but most of all there shines forth from it a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• PORTRAITURE

portraiture of the See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

hardy and manful nature, the strenuous See also:

• LIFE

life of See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion and battle, the lofty contempt of cowardice, niggardliness and servility, which marked the valiant stock who See also:

• BORE

bore Islam abroad in a See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood of new life over the outworn civilizations of See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt and See also:

• BYZANTIUM

Byzantium . It has the true See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp of the heroic time, of its See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty and wantonness as of its strength and beauty . No fewer than twenty commentaries are enumerated by Hajji See also:

• KHALIFA, THE

Khalifa . Of these the earliest was by Abu Riyash (otherwise ar-Riyashi), who died in 257 A.H.; excerpts from it, chiefly in elucidation of the circumstances in which the poems were composed, are frequently given by at-Tibrizi (Tabrizi) . He was followed by the famous grammarian Abu-l-Fatb ibn al-Jinni (d . 392 A.H.), and later by Shihab ad-Din Abmad al-Marzugi of Isfahan (d . 421 A.H.) . Upon al-Marzugi's commentary is chiefly founded that of Abu Zakariya Yabya at-Tibrizi (b . 421 A.H., d .

502), which has been published by the See also:

• LATE

late See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor G . W . Freytag of See also:

• BONN

Bonn, together with a Latin See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation and notes (1828–1851) . This monumental work, the labour of a life, is a treasure of See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information regarding the classical age of Arab literature which has not perhaps its equal for extent, accuracy, and minuteness of detail in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . No other complete edition of the ,Hamasa has been printed in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West; but in 1856 one appeared at See also:

• CALCUTTA

Calcutta under the names of Maulavi Ghulam Rabbani and Kabiru-d-din Abmad . Though no See also:

• ACKNOWLEDGMENT (from the old acknow, a compound of on- and know, to know by the senses, which passed through the forms oknow, aknow and acknow; acknowledge is formed on analogy of " knowledge ")

acknowledgment of the fact is contained in this edition, it is a simple reprint of Professor Freytag's See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text (without at-Tibrizi's commentary), and follows its See also:

• ORIGINAL

original even in the misprints (corrected by Freytag at the end of the second See also:

• VOLUME

volume, which being in Latin the Calcutta editors do not seem to have consulted) . It contains in an appendix of 12 pages a collection of verses (and some entire fragments) not found in at-Tibrizi's recension, but stated to exist in some copies consulted by the, editors; these are, however, very carelessly edited and printed, and in many places unintelligible . Freytag's text, with at-Tibrizi's commentary, has been reprinted at Bulaq (187o) . In 1882 an edition of the text, with a marginal commentary by See also:

• MUNSHI, or MOONSHI

Munshi 'Abdul-Qadir ibn Shaikh Lugman, was published at Bombay . The Hamasa has been rendered with remarkable skill and spirit into See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German verse by the illustrious See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich See also:

• RUCKERT, JOHANN MICHAEL FRIEDRICH (1788-1866)

Ruckert (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1846), who has not only given See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of almost all the poems proper to the work, but has added numerous fragments See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from other See also:

• SOURCES

sources, especially those occurring in the scholia of at-Tibrizi, as well as the Mu'allagas of Zuhair and 'Antara, the Lamiyya of Ash-Shanfara., and the See also:

• BANAT (Hungarian Bansdg)

Banat Su' it'd of Ka'b, son of Zuhair . A small collection of translations, chiefly in metres imitating those of the original, was published in See also:

• LONDON

London by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• LYALL
• LYALL, EDNA

Lyall in 1885 . When the Ijamasa is spoken of, that of Abu Tammam, as the first and most famous of the name, is meant; but several collections of a similar See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, also called Hamasa, exist .

The best-known and earliest of these is the Hamasa of See also:

• BUHTURI [al-Walid ibn 'Ubaid Allah] (820-897)

Buhturi (d . 284 A.H.), of which the unique MS. now in the See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden University Library, has been reproduced by photo-See also:

• LITHOGRAPHY (Gr. MOOS, a stone, and ypakecv, to write)

lithography (1909); a See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical edition has been prepared by Professor Chlikho at Beyreuth . Four other works of the same name, formed on the See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of Abu Tammam's compilation, are mentioned by Hajji Khalifa . Besides these, a work entitled Hamasat ar-Rah (" the Hamasa of See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine ") was composed of Abu-1-'See also:

• ALA

Ala al-Ma'arri (d . 429 A.H.) . (C . J .