HAMDANI  , in full See also:

• ABU

ABU See also:

• MAI, ANGELO (1782—1854)

MAI;IOMMED UL-IIASAN See also:

• IBN

IBN AHMAD IBN YA'QUB UL-HAMDANI (d . 945), Arabian geographer, also known as Ibn ul-Ha'ik . Little is known of him except that he belonged to a See also:

• FAMILY

family of See also:

• YEMEN (Yaman)

Yemen, was held in repute as a grammarian in his own See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, wrote much See also:

• POETRY

poetry, compiled astronomical tables, devoted most of his See also:

• LIFE

life to the study of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• HISTORY

history and See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography of See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia, and died in See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison at See also:

• SAN

San'a in 945 . His Geography of the Arabian See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula (Kitdb Jazirat ul-'Arab) is by far the most important See also:

• WORK

work on the subject . After being used in See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript by A . See also:

• SPRENGER, JAKOB (fl. 1500)

Sprenger in his See also:

• POST

Post- and Reiserouten See also:

• DES

des Orients (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1864) and further extended and See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French occupation of See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland in 1795, when the Dutch See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade was largely directed to its See also:

• PORT

port . The French Revolution and the insecurity of the See also:

• POLITICAL

political situation, however, exercised a depressing and retarding effect . The See also:

• WARS

wars which ensued, the closing of See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental ports against See also:

• ENGLISH

English trade, the occupation of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city after the disastrous See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• JENA

Jena, and pestilence within its walls brought about a severe commercial crisis and caused a serious decline in its prosperity . Moreover, the See also:

• GREAT

great contributions levied by See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon on the city, the plundering of its See also:

• BANK

bank by Davoust, and the burning of its prosperous suburbs inflicted wounds from which the city but slowly recovered . Under the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace which followed the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic wars, its trade gradually revived, fostered by the See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South and Central See also:

• AMERICA

America, with both of which it energetically opened close commercial relations, and by the introduction of See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation . The first steamboat was seen on the See also:

• ELBE (the Albis of the Romans and the Labe of the Czechs)

Elbe on the 17th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1816; in 1826 a See also:

• REGULAR

regular steam communication was opened with See also:

• LONDON

London; and in 1856 the first See also:

• DIRECT

direct steamship See also:

• LINE

line linked the port with the See also:

• UNITED

United States . The great See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire of 1842 (5th-8th of May) laid in See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste the greatest See also:

• PART

part of the business See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of the city and caused a temporary interruption of its See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce .

The city, however, soon See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose from its ashes, the churches were rebuilt and new streets laid out on a See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale of considerable magnificence . In 1866 See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg joined the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

Confederation, and in 1871, while remaining outside the See also:

• ZOLLVEREIN (Ger. Zoll, toll, customs, and Verein, union)

Zollverein, became a constituent See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the German See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . In 1883-1888 the See also:

• WORKS

works for the See also:

• FREE

Free See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

Harbour were completed, and on the 18th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1888 Hamburg joined the Customs See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union (Zollverein) . In 1892 the See also:

• CHOLERA (from the Gr. Xo)du, tile, and Map, to flow)

cholera raged within its walls, carried off 85oo of its inhabitants, and caused considerable losses to its commerce and See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry; but the visitation was not without its salutary fruits, for an improved drainage See also:

• SYSTEM

system, better See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation, and a purer See also:

• WATER

water-See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply have since combined to make it one of the healthiest commercial cities of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . in his Alte Geographic Arabiens (See also:

• BERN (Fr. Berne)

Bern, 1875), it was edited by D . H . See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller (See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden, 1884; cf . A . Sprenger's See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism in Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft, vol . 45, pp . 361-394) . Much has also been written on this work by E .

See also:

• GLASER, CHRISTOPHER

Glaser in his various publications on ancient Arabia . The other great work of Hamdani is the Iklil (See also:

• CROWN

Crown) concerning the genealogies of the Himyarites and the wars of their See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings in ten volumes . Of this, part 8, on the citadels and castles of south Arabia, has been edited and annotated by D . H . Muller in See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Burgen and See also:

• SCHLOSSER, FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH (1776—1861)

Schlosser Sudarabiens (See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, 1879–1881) . For other works said to have been written by Hamdani cf . G . Fliigel's Die grammatischen Schulen der Araber (Leipzig, 1862), pp . 220-221 . (G . W .