See also:

• HANNIBAL
• HANNIBAL (" mercy " or " favour of Baal ")

HANNIBAL (" See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy " or " favour of See also:

• BAAL

Baal ")  , Carthaginian See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general and statesman, son of Hamilcar See also:

• BARCA (mod. Merj)

Barca (q.v.), was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 249 or 247 B.C . Destined by his See also:

• FATHER

father to succeed him in the See also:

• WORK

work of vengeance against See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, he was taken to See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, and while yet a boy gave ample See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of his military aptitude . Upon the See also:

• DEATH

death of his See also:

• BROTHER

brother-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law See also:

• HASDRUBAL

Hasdrubal (221) he was acclaimed See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief by the soldiers and confirmed in his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment by the Carthaginian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . After two years spent in completing the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of Spain See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of the See also:

• EBRO (anc. Iberus or Hiberus)

Ebro, he set himself to begin what he See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt to be his See also:

• LIFE

life's task, the conquest and humiliation of Rome . Accordingly in 219 he seized some pretext for attacking the See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• SAGUNTUM

Saguntum (mod . Murviedro), which stood under the See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of Rome, and disregarding the protests of See also:

• ROMAN

Roman envoys, stormed it after an eight months' See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege . As the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home government, in view of See also:

• HANNIBAL
• HANNIBAL (" mercy " or " favour of Baal ")

Hannibal's See also:

• GREAT

great popularity, did not venture to repudiate this See also:

• ACTION

action, the See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war which he desired took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place at the end of the See also:

• YEAR

year . Of the large See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of Libyan and See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish mercenaries which he had at his disposal Hannibal selected the most trustworthy and devoted contingents, and with these determined to execute the daring See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of carrying the war into the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy by a rapid See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march through Spain and See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul . Starting in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 218 he easily fought his way through the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern tribes to the See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees, and by conciliating the Gaulish chiefs on his passage contrived to reach the See also:

• RHONE
• RHONE (Fr. Rhone, Lat. Rhodanus)

Rhone before the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans could take any See also:

• MEASURES

measures to See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar his advance . After outmanoeuvring the natives, who endeavoured to prevent his See also:

• CROSSING

crossing, Hannibal evaded a Roman force sent to operate against him in Gaul; he proceeded up the valley of one of the tributaries of the Rhone (See also:

• ISERE
• ISERE [anc. Isara]

Isere or, more probably, See also:

• DURANCE (anc. Druentia)

Durance), and by autumn arrived at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the See also:

• ALPS

Alps . His passage over the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain-See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain, at a point which cannot be determined with certainty, though the See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance of the available evidence inclines to the Mt Genevre pass, and See also:

• FAIR

fair cases can be made out for the See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

Col d'Argentiere and for Mt Cenis, was one of the most memorable achievements of any military force of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient times . Though the opposition of the natives and the difficulties of ground and See also:

• CLIMATE

climate cost Hannibal See also:

• HALF

half his army, his perilous march brought him directly into Roman territory and entirely frustrated the attempts of the enemy to fight out the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main issue on See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign ground .

His sudden See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance among the Gauls, moreover, enabled him to detach most of the tribes from their new See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to the Romans before the latter could take steps to check See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion . After allowing his soldiers a brief See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest to recover from their exertions Hannibal first secured his See also:

• REAR

rear by subduing the hostile tribe of the See also:

• TAURINI

Taurini (mod . See also:

• TURIN

Turin), and moving down the Po valley forced the Romans by virtue of his See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry to evacuate the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain of See also:

• LOMBARDY

Lombardy . In See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December of the same year he had an opportunity of showing his superior military skill when the Roman commander attacked him on the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• TREBIA (mod. Trebbia)

Trebia (near Placentia); after wearing down the excellent Roman See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry he cut it to pieces by a surprise attack from an See also:

• AMBUSH (older form, " embush," O. Fr. embusche, from the Ital. imboscata, in and bosco, a wood)

ambush in the flank . Having secured his position in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north Italy by this victory, he quartered his troops for the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter on the Gauls, whose zeal in his cause thereupon began to abate .. Accordingly in spring 217 Hannibal decided to find a more trustworthy See also:

• BASE

base of operations farther south; he crossed the See also:

• APENNINES (Gr. 'A1T- vvLvos, Lat. Appenninus—in both cases used in the singular)

Apennines without opposition, but in the marshy lowlands of the See also:

• ARNO (anc. Arnus)
• ARNO, ARN

Arno he lost a large See also:

• PART

part of his force through disease and himself became See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind in one See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye . Advancing through the uplands of See also:

• ETRURIA

Etruria he provoked the main Roman army to a hasty pursuit, and catching it in a See also:

• DEFILE

defile on the See also:

• SHORE

shore of See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Trasimenus destroyed it in the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters or on the adjoining slopes (see See also:

• TRASIMENE, LAKE (Lat. Trasumeltus Lacus; Ital. Lago Trasimeno)

TRASIMENE) . He had now disposed of the only See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field force which could check his advance upon Rome, but realizing that without siege engines he could not See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope to take the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, he preferred to utilize his victory by passing into central and See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Italy and exciting a general revolt against the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . Though closely watched by a force under See also:

• FABIUS

Fabius See also:

• MAXIMUS
• MAXIMUS, ST (c. 58o-662)

Maximus Cunctator, he was able to carry his ravages far and wide through Italy: on one occasion he was entrapped in the lowlands of See also:

• CAMPANIA

Campania, but set himself See also:

• FREE

free by a stratagem which completely deluded his opponent . For the winter he found comfortable quarters in the Apulian plain, into which the enemy dared not descend . In the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of 217 Hannibal had failed to obtain a following among the Italians; in the following year he had an opportunity of turning the See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide in his favour . A large Roman army advanced into See also:

• APULIA (sometimes APPULIa in manuscripts but never in inscriptions)

Apulia in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to crush him, and accepted See also:

• BATTLE

battle on the site of See also:

• CANNAE (mod. Canne)

Cannae .

Thanks mainly to brilliant cavalry See also:

• TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

tactics, Hannibal, with much inferior See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, managed to surround and cut to pieces the whole of this force; moreover, the moral effect of this victory was such that all the south of Italy joined his cause . Had Hannibal now received proper material reinforcements from his countrymen at See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage he might have made a See also:

• DIRECT

direct attack upon Rome; for the See also:

• PRESENT

present he had to content himself with subduing the fortresses which still held out against him, and the only other notable event of 216 was the defection of See also:

• CAPUA (anc. Casilinum;, a town and archiepiscopal see of Campania, Italy, in the province of Caserta, 7 M. W. by rail from the town oI Caserta. Pop. (1901) 14
• CAPUA (mod. S. Maria di Capua Vetere)

Capua, the second largest See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Italy, which Hannibal made his new base . In the next few years Hannibal was reduced to See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor operations which centred mainly See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the cities of Campania . He failed to draw his opponents into a pitched battle, and in some slighter engagements suffered reverses . As the forces detached under his lieutenants were generally unable to hold their own, and neither his home government nor his new ally See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip V. of Macedon helped to make See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good his losses, his position in south Italy became increasingly difficult and his See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of ultimately conquering Rome See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew ever more remote . In 212 he gained an important success by capturing See also:

• TARENTUM
• TARENTUM (Gr. rapas)

Tarentum, but in the same year he lost his hold upon Campania, where he failed to prevent the concentration of three Roman armies round Capua . Hannibal attacked the besieging armies with his full force in 211, and attempted to entice them away by a sudden march through Samnium which brought him within 3 M. of Rome, but caused more alarm than real danger to the city . But the siege continued, and the town See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell in the same year . In 210 Hannibal again proved his superiority in tactics by a severe defeat inflicted at Herdoniae (mod . Ordona) in Apulia upon a proconsular army, and in 208 destroyed a Roman force engaged in the siege of See also:

• LOCRI

Locri Epizephyrii . But with the loss of Tarentum in 209 and the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual reconquest by the Romans of Samnium and Lucania his hold on south Italy was almost lost . In 207 he succeeded in making his way again into Apulia, where he waited to See also:

• CONCERT (through the French from Lat. con-, with, and certare, to strive)

concert measures for a combined march upon Rome with his brother Hasdrubal (q.v.) .

On See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing, however, of his brother's defeat and death at the Metaurus he retired into the mountain fastnesses of Bruttium, where he maintained himself for the ensuing years . With the failure of his brother See also:

• MAGO

Mago (q.v.) in See also:

• LIGURIA

Liguria (205-203) and of his own negotiations with Philip of Macedon, the last hope of recovering his ascendancy in Italy was lost . In 203, when Scipio was carrying all before him in See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa and the Carthaginian See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace-party were arranging an See also:

• ARMISTICE (from Lat. arma, arms, and sistere, to stop)

armistice, Hannibal was recalled from Italy by the " patriot " party at Carthage . After leaving a See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of his expedition, engraved in Punic and See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek upon brazen tablets, in the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• JUNO

Juno at See also:

• CROTONA, CROTO

Crotona, he sailed back to Africa . His arrival immediately restored the predominance of the war-party, who placed him in command of a combined force of See also:

• AFRICAN

African levies and of his mercenaries from Italy . In 202 Hannibal, after See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting Scipio in a fruitless peace See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference, engaged him in a decisive battle at Zama . Unable to See also:

• COPE
• COPE (M.E. cape, cope, from Med. Lat. capa, cappa)
• COPE, EDWARD DRINKER (1840-1897)
• COPE, EDWARD MEREDITH (1818-1873)

cope with his indifferent troops against the well-trained and confident Roman soldiers, he experienced a crushing defeat which put an end to all resistance on the part of Carthage . Hannibal was still only in his See also:

• FORTY

forty-See also:

• SIXTH

sixth year . He soon showed that he could be a statesman as well as a soldier . Peace having been concluded, he, was appointed chief See also:

• MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

magistrate (suffetes, See also:

• SOFA

sofa) . The See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office had become rather insignificant, but Hannibal restored its power and authority . The See also:

• OLIGARCHY (Gr. oXiyot, few, apxil, rule)

oligarchy, always jealous of him, had even charged him with having betrayed the interests of his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country while in Italy, and neglected to take Rome whenhe might have done so .

The dishonesty and incompetence of these men had brought the finances of Carthage into grievous disorder . So effectively did Hannibal reform abuses that the heavy See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute imposed by Rome could be paid by instalments without additional and extraordinary See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation . Seven years after the victory of Zama, the Romans, alarmed at this new prosperity, demanded Hannibal's surrender . Hannibal thereupon went into voluntary See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile . First he journeyed to See also:

• TYRE (Phoen. and Hebr. =" rock," Assyr. S'urru, Egypt. Dara, Early Lat. Sarra)

Tyre, the See also:

• MOTHER

mother-city'of Carthage, and thence to See also:

• EPHESUS
• EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF

Ephesus, where he was honourably received by See also:

• ANTIOCHUS

Antiochus III. of See also:

• SYRIA

Syria, who was then preparing for war with Rome . Hannibal soon saw that the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's army was no match for the Romans . He advised him to equip a See also:

• FLEET

fleet and throw a See also:

• BODY

body of troops on the south of Italy, adding that he would himself take the command . But he could not make much impression on Antiochus, who listened more willingly to courtiers and flatterers, and would not entrust Hannibal with any important See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge . In 190 he was placed in command of a Phoenician fleet, but was defeated in a battle off the river See also:

• EURYMEDON

Eurymedon . From the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of Antiochus, who seemed prepared to surrender him to the Romans, Hannibal fled to See also:

• CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete, but he soon went back to See also:

• ASIA

Asia, and sought See also:

• REFUGE

refuge with Prusias, king of See also:

• BITHYNIA (BtOvpta)

Bithynia . Once more the Romans were determined to See also:

• HUNT, ALFRED WILLIAM (183o-1896)
• HUNT, HENRY (1i73-1835)
• HUNT, HENRY JACKSON (1819-1889)
• HUNT, JAMES HENRY LEIGH (1784-1859)
• HUNT, ROBERT (1807-1887)
• HUNT, THOMAS STERRY (1826-1892)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HENRY (1790—1864)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HOLMAN (1827-1910)
• HUNT, WILLIAM MORRIS (1824-1879)

hunt him out, and they sent See also:

• FLAMINIUS, GAIUS

Flaminius to insist on his surrender . Prusias agreed to give him up, but Hannibal did not choose to fall into his enemies' hands .

At Libyssa, on the,eastern shore of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea of See also:

• MARMORA (anc. Proconnesus)
• MARMORA, SEA OF (anc. Propontis; Turk. Mermer Denisi)

Marmora, he took See also:

• POISON

poison, which, it was said, he had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long carried about with him in a See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring . The precise year of his death was a See also:

• MATTER

matter of controversy . If, as See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy seems to imply, it was 183, he died in the same year as Scipio See also:

• AFRICANUS, SEXTUS JULIUS

Africanus . As to the transcendent military See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius of Hannibal there cannot be two opinions . The See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man who for fifteen years could hold his ground in a hostile country against several powerful armies and a See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of able generals must have been a commander and a tactician of supreme capacity . In the use of stratagems and ambuscades he certainly surpassed all other generals of antiquity . Wonderful as his achievements were, we must marvel the more when we take into See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account the grudging support he received from Carthage . As his veterans melted away, he had to organize fresh levies on the spot . We never hear of a See also:

• MUTINY
• MUTINY (from an old verb " mutine," O. Fr. mutin, meutin, a sedition; cf. mod. Fr. emeute; the original is the Late Lat. mota, commotion, from movere, to move)

mutiny in his army, composed though it was of Africans, Spaniards and Gauls . Again, all we know of him comes for the most part from hostile See also:

• SOURCES

sources . The Romans feared and hated him so much that they could not do him See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice . Livy speaks of his great qualities, but he adds that his vices were equally great, among which he singles out his " more than Punic perfidy " and " an inhuman See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty." For the first there would seem to be no further See also:

• JUSTIFICATION

justification than that he was consummately skilful in the use of ambuscades .

For the latter there is, we believe, no more ground than that at certain crises he acted in the general spirit of ancient warfare . Sometimes he contrasts most favourably with his enemy . No such brutality stains his name as that perpetrated by See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero on the vanquished Hasdrubal . See also:

• POLYBIUS (c. 204–122 B.C.)

Polybius merely says that he was accused of cruelty by the Romans and of avarice by the Carthaginians . He had indeed See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter enemies, and his life was one continuous struggle against destiny . For steadfastness of purpose, for organizing capacity and a mastery of military See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science he has perhaps never had an equal . 922 untersucht (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1900) ; P . See also:

• AZAN (Arabic for " announcement ")

Azan, Annibal clans See also:

• LES

les Alpes (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1902) ; J . L . See also:

• COLIN, ALEXANDRE (1526-1612)

Colin, Annibal en Gaule (Paris, 1904) ; E . Hesselmeyer, Hannibals Alpenubergang See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Lichte der neueren Kriegsgeschichle, (1906); Kromyer, in N . Jahrb. f. kl .

Alt . (1907) . (M . O . B .