See also:

• HAPARANDA (Finnish Haaparanta, " Aspen Shore ")

HAPARANDA (Finnish Haaparanta, " See also:

• ASPEN

Aspen See also:

• SHORE

Shore ")  , a See also:

• TOWN

town of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district (lan) of Norbotten, at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Gulf of See also:

• BOTHNIA, GULF OF

Bothnia . Pop . (2goo) 1568 . It lies about 12 m. from the mouth of the Tonne See also:

• RIVER

river, on the frontier with See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia (See also:

• FINLAND (Finnish, Suomi or Suomenmaa)

Finland), opposite the town of Tornea which has belonged to Russia since 'Soo . The towns are divided by a marshy channel, formerly the See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of the Tonne, but the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main stream is now See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian town . See also:

• HAPARANDA (Finnish Haaparanta, " Aspen Shore ")

Haparanda was founded in 1812, and at first See also:

• BORE

bore the name of Karljohannstad . It received its municipal constitution in 1842 . See also:

• SHIPBUILDING

Shipbuilding is prosecuted . See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea-going vessels load and unload at Salmio, 7 M. from Haparanda . Since 1858 the town has been the seat of an important meteorological station . See also:

• ANNUAL

Annual mean temperature, 32.4° Fahr.; See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1o•5°; See also:

• JULY

July 58.8° . Rainfall, 16.5 in. annually .

Up the Tonne valley (54 m.) is the See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill Avasaxa, whither pilgrimages were formerly made in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to stand in the See also:

• LIGHT

light of the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun at midnight on St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John's See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day (See also:

• JUNE

June 24) . live in See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand, but while the former moves by means of the contraction of its See also:

• BODY

body-See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall muscles, Protodrilus can progress by the See also:

• ACTION

action of the bands of See also:

• CILIA (plural of Lat. cilium, eyelash)

cilia surrounding its segments, and of the See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal ciliated ventral groove . Saccocirrus, which also lives in sand, and more closely resembles the See also:

• POLYCHAETA

Polychaeta, has throughout the greater length of its body on each segment a pair of small uniramous parapodia bearing a bunch of See also:

• SIMPLE

simple setae . No other member of the See also:

• GROUP

group is known to have any trace of setae or parapodia at any See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of development . These three genera have the following characters in See also:

• COMMON

common . The body is composed of a large number of segments; the prostomium bears a pair of tentacles; the See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous See also:

• SYSTEM

system consists of a See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain and longitudinal ventral See also:

• NERVE (Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, a bowstring)

nerve cords closely connected with the epidermis (without distinct ganglia), widely separated in Saccocirrus, closely approximated in Protodrilus, fused together in Polygordius; the coelom is well See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed, the septa are distinct, and the dorsal and ventral longitudinal mesenteries are See also:

• COMPLETE

complete ; the nephridia are simple, and open into the coelom . Polygordius differs from Protodrilus and Saccocirrus in the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of a distinct suboesophageal See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular pouch, and in the absence of a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar closed cavity in the head region, which is especially well developed in Saccocirrus, and probably represents the specialized coelom of the first segment . Moreover, in Saccocirrus the genital See also:

• ORGANS

organs, .4 s/pesne - sae SArrxnezaeea, See also:

• PRESENT

present in the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk segments, have become much complicated (fig . 2) . In the See also:

• FEMALE

female there is in every fertile segment a pair of spermathecae opening at the nephridiopores . In the male there are a right and a See also:

• LEFT

left protrusible penis in every genital segment, into which opens the nephridium and a sperm-See also:

• SAC

sac . The wide funnels of the nephridia of this region are possibly of coelomic origin .

Dinophilus is a See also:

• FREE

free-See also:

• SWIMMING (from " swim," A.S. swimman, the root being common in Teutonic languages)

swimming See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form without tentacles, and with segmental bands of cilia (fig . I) . The parasitic Histriodritus (Histriobdella) feeds on the eggs of the See also:

• LOBSTER (O.E. lopustre, lopystre, a corruption of Lat. locusta, lobster or other marine shell-fish; also a locust)

lobster . It resembles Dinophilus in the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of a ventral pharyngeal pouch (which bears See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth in Histriodrilus only), the small number of segments, and absence of distinct septa, the absence of a vascular system, the presence of distinct ganglia on the ventral nerve cords, and of small nephridia which do not appear• to open internally . Histriodrilus resembles Saccocirrus in the possession of two posterior adhesive processes, and to some extent in the structure of the complex genital organs, which, however, are restricted to a single segment . In Dinophilua there is also only a single pair of genital ducts behind ; and In the male there are sperm-sacs and a median penis . In some See also:

• SPECIES

species of Dinophilus there is pronounced sexual dimorphism (the male being small.and without gut) as in the See also:

• ROTIFERA (or ROTATORIA)

Rotifera . The resemblance of Dinophilus to the Rotifera is, however, quite superficial, and the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general structure of this genus with distinct traces of segmentation, especially in the embryo, points to its See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity, if not to Polygordius in particular, at all events to the See also:

• ANNELIDA

Annelida . That Polygordius, Protodrilus and Saccocirrus are on the whole See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive forms, and related to each other, there can be little doubt, but their See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place amongst the Annelida is difficult to deter-mine . The development of Polygordius alone is well known, having been studied by Hatschek, Fraipont and others . The larva (fig . I, C and D) is a typical but very specialized form of trochophore, provided with a branching nephridium bearing solenocytes .

The trunk develops on the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the disk-like larva, which undergoes a more or less sudden See also:

• METAMORPHOSIS

metamorphosis into the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• WORM

worm (fig . I) . There appears to be little either in the development or in the structure of the See also:

• HAPLODRILI (so called by Lankester)

Haplodrili to See also:

• WARRANT (Med. Lat. warantum; O. Fr. garant, warant, derived from O.H.G. root represented in modern German bygewdhren)

warrant the view held by Hatschek and Fraipont that Polygordius and Protodrilus are exceedingly primitive forms, ancestral to the whole group of seta-bearing Annelids (See also:

• OLIGOCHAETA

Oligochaeta, Polychaeta, Hirudinea and See also:

• ECHIUROIDEA (Gr: 'xis, adder, and ovpa, tail)

Echiuroidea) .