See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, See also:

• PROTECTION

protection or shelter. Other See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early forms in See also:

• ENGLISH

English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place names, such as See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

Market Harborough.. The See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French auberge, an See also:

• INN

inn, derived through  heberger, is thus the same word), a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• REFUGE

refuge or shelter . It is thus used for an See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum for criminals, and particularly for a place of shelter for See also:

• SHIPS

ships . Sheltered sites along exposed See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-coasts are essential for purposes of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, and very valuable as refuges for vessels from storms . In a few places, natural shelter is found in See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination with ample See also:

• DEPTH

depth, as in the See also:

• BAY

Bay of Rio de Janeiro, New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

Harbour (protected by See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Long See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island), See also:

• PORTSMOUTH
• PORTSMOUTH, EARLS OF
• PORTSMOUTH, LOUISE DE

Portsmouth Harbour and See also:

• SOUTHAMPTON
• SOUTHAMPTON, EARL OF
• SOUTHAMPTON, HENRY WRIOTHESLEY, 3RD EARL OF (1J73—1624)

Southampton See also:

• WATER

Water (sheltered by the Isle of See also:

• WIGHT, ISLE OF

Wight), and the See also:

• LAND

land-locked creeks of See also:

• MILFORD

Milford Haven and See also:

• KIEL

Kiel Harbour . At various places there are large enclosed areas which have openings into the sea; but these lagoons for the most See also:

• PART

part are very shallow except in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main channels and at their outlets . See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

Access to them is generally obstructed by a See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar as at the See also:

• LAGOON (Fr. lagune, Lat. lacuna, a pool)

lagoon harbour of See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice (fig . 1), and similar harbours, like those of See also:

• POOLE
• POOLE, MATTHEW (1624-1699)
• POOLE, PAUL FALCONER (1806-1879)
• POOLE, REGINALD STUART (1832-1895)

Poole and See also:

• WEXFORD

Wexford; and such harbours usually require See also:

• WORKS

works to prevent their deterioration, and to increase the depth near their outlet . Generally, however,harbours are formed where shelter is provided to a certain extent by a bay, See also:

• CREEK
• CREEK (Mid. Eng. crike or creke, common to many N. European languages)

creek or projecting headland, but requires to be rendered See also:

• COMPLETE

complete by one or more breakwaters (see See also:

• BREAKWATER

BREAKWATER), or where the approach to a See also:

• RIVER

river, a See also:

• SHIP

ship-See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal or a seaport, needs See also:

• PROTECTION

protection . A refuge harbour is occasionally constructed where a long length of stormy See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, near the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary track of vessels, is entirely devoid of natural shelter . See also:

• NAVAL

Naval harbours are required by maritime See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers as stations for their fleets, and See also:

• DOCKYARDS

dockyards for construction and See also:

• REPAIRS (from Lat. reparare, to make ready again)

repairs, and also in some cases as places of shelter from the See also:

• NIGHT

night attacks of torpedoes . Commercial harbours have to be provided for the formation of ports within their shelter on important trade routes, or for the protection of the approaches from the sea of ports near the sea-coast, or maritime waterways See also:

• RUNNING

running inland, in some cases at points on the coast devoid of all natural shelter . A greater See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude in the selection of suitable sites is, indeed,pessible for refuge and naval harbours than for commercial harbours; but these three classes of harbours are very similar in their See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general outline and the works protecting them, only differing in See also:

• SIZE

size and See also:

• INTERNAL

internal arrangements according to the purpose for which they have been constructed, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences being due to the See also:

• LOCAL

local conditions .

Harbours may be divided into three distinct See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, namely, lagoon harbours, See also:

• JETTY

jetty harbours and sea-coast harbours, protected by breakwaters, including refuge, naval and commercial harbours . Lagoon Harbours.—A lagoon, consisting of a sort of large shallow See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake separated from the sea by a narrow See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of coast, formed of See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit from a deltaic river or of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand See also:

• DUNES

dunes heaped up by on-See also:

• SHORE

shore winds along a sandy shore, possesses See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good natural shelter; and, owing to the large expanse which is filled and emptied at each See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide, even when the tidal range is quite sniall, together with the See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge from any See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers flowing into the lagoon, one or more fairly deep outlets are maintained through the fringe of coast, which afford navigable access to the lagoon; whilst channels formed inside by Jetty Harbours.—Several small ports were formed on the sea-coast long ago at points where See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat marshy ground lying below the level of high-water, and shut off from the sandy See also:

• BEACH

beach by dikes or sand dunes, was connected with the sea by a small creek or river . Such ports presented in their See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition a slight resemblance to lagoons on a very small See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale . Several examples are to be found on the sandy shores of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English Channel and See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Sea, such as See also:

• DIEPPE

Dieppe, See also:

• BOULOGNE, or BOULLONGNE

Boulogne, See also:

• CALAIS

Calais, See also:

• DUNKIRK
• DUNKIRK (Fr. Dunkerque)

Dunkirk, See also:

• NIEUPORT (Flem. Nieuwpoort)

Nieuport and See also:

• OSTEND (Flemish and French Ostende)

Ostend, where the influx and efflux of the water from these enclosed tide-covered areas, through a narrow opening, sufficed to maintain a shallow channel to the sea across the beach, deep enough near high-water for vessels of small See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught . When the increase in draught necessitated the See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision of an improved channel, the scour of the issuing current was concentrated and prolonged by erecting parallel jetties across the beach, raised solid to a little above See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low water of See also:

• NEAP

neap tides, with open See also:

• TIMBER

timber-See also:

• WORK

work above to indicate the channel and See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide the vessels . Even this low obstruction, however, to the littoral See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift of sand caused an advance of the low water See also:

• LINE

line as the jetties were carried out, so that further extensions of the jetties had eventually to be abandoned, as occurred at Dunkirk (see Docx) . Moreover, reclamation of the low-lying areas was gradually effected, thus reducing the tidal scour; and sluicing basins were excavated in part of the low ground, into which the tide flowed through the entrance channel, and the water being shut in at high tide by See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates at the outlet of the See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin, was released at low water, producing a rapid current through the channel as a See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation for the loss of the former natural scour . The current, however, from the sluicing basin gradually lost its velocity in passing down the channel, and besides, being most effective near the outlet of the basin, could only scour the channel down to a moderate depth below low water, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the increase in the See also:

• VOLUME

volume of still water in the channel at low tide as its deepening progressed . Lastly, about 188o, improvements in suction dredgers (see DREDGE AND DREDGING) led to the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of sand-See also:

• PUMP

pump dredging in the See also:

• OUTER

outer part of the channel, and across the See also:

• FORESHORE

foreshore in front to deep water; and at Dunkirk, docks were formed on the site of the sluicing basin; whilst at Calais sluicing was abandoned in favour of dredging . Ostend is the only jetty habour in which a large sluicing basin has been recently constructed, but it can only provide for the See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of deep-water quays in its vicinity; and dredging is relied upon to an increasing extent, both for the maintenance and further deepening of the outer portion of the approach channel, and for maintaining the See also:

• DIRECT

direct channel dredged to deep water across the Stroombank extending in front of Ostend (fig . 2) . Similar methods of improving the entrance channel to ports possessing an extensive backwater have been adopted on a large scale in the See also:

• UNITED

United States .

For instance at See also:

• CHARLESTON

Charleston, converging jetties, about 21 M. long, have been extended across the bar to concentrate the scour due to a small tidal range expanding over the enclosed backwater, 15 sq. m. in extent, and to protect the channel from littoral drift; but these jetties have caused an advance of the foreshore, and a progression seawards of the bar, necessitating dredging beyond the ends of the jetties to maintain the . requisite depth . Parallel jetties, moreover, across the beach, combined with extensive sand-pump dredging, have been employed with success at some of the ports situated at the outlet of rivers, enclosed bays, or lagoons, on the sandy shores of MaEiS o See also:

• SMILES, SAMUEL (1812-1904)

SMILES . FIG . 1.-Venetian Lagoon Harbour . the currents See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to ports on its See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks . Lagoons, however, are liable to be gradually silted up, if rivers flowing into them bring down considerable quantities of See also:

• ALLUVIUM

alluvium, which is readily deposited in their fairly still See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters; and their outlet channels are in danger of becoming shallower, by the sea in storms forming additional outlets by breaking through the narrow barrier separating them from the sea . Moreover, the approach from the sea to these channels through the fringe of coast is generally impeded by a bar, owing to the scour of the issuing current through these outlet channels becoming gradually too enfeebled, on entering the open sea, to overcome the heaping-up See also:

• ACTION

action of the waves along the shore, which tends to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a continuous beach across these openings . 'Rivers, accordingly, whose discharge is very valuable in maintaining a lagoon if their waters are See also:

• FREE

free from sediment, must, if possible, be diverted from a lagoon if they bring down large amounts of silt; whilst the narrow belt of land in front of the lagoon must be See also:

• PRO

pro- tected from erosion by the waves, on FIG . 2.-Ostend Harbour and Jetty Channel . its sea See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face, by groynes or revetments . The depth over the bar in front of an outlet can be improved by See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, for improving the access to them across en-concentrating the current through the outlet by jetties on each See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, cumbering shoals, where the littoral drift is too See also:

• GREAT

great to allow of and prolonging the jetties, and consequently the scour, out to the the See also:

• PROJECTION

projection of breakwaters from the shore to shelter an approach bar so as to See also:

• LOWER

lower it, and by supplementing the scouring action, it channel . necessary, by dredging .

Harbours Protected by Breakwaters.—The See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design for a harbour on the sea-coast must depend on the configuration of the adjacent a slight See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve or See also:

• BEND

bend inwards near its outer end, suffices to afford the necessary shelter . As examples of this form of harbour construction may be mentioned See also:

• NEWHAVEN

Newhaven breakwater, protecting the approach to the See also:

• PORT

port from the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, and somewhat sheltered from the moderate easterly storms by Beachy See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

Head, and Table Bay breakwater, which shelters the harbour from the north-east, and is somewhat protected on the opposite side by the wide sweep of the coast-line known as Table Bay . Generally, however, some partial embayment, or abrupt projection from the coast, is utilized as providing shelter from one See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter, which is completed by break-waters enclosing the site, of which See also:

• DOVER
• DOVER, GEORGE JAMES WELBORE
• DOVER, HENRY JERMYN, EARL OF (c. 1636-1708)
• DOVER, ROBERT (1575-1641)

Dover and See also:

• COLOMBO

Colombo (fig . 5) harbours furnish typical and somewhat similar examples . Harbours formed on quite Open Seacoasts.—Occasionally harbours have to be constructed for some See also:

• SPECIAL

special purpose where no natural shelter exists, and where on an open, sandy shore considerable littoral drift may occur . Breakwaters, carried out from the shore at some distance apart, and converging to a central entrance of suitable width, provide the requisite shelter, as for instance the harbour constructed to form a sheltered approach to the river See also:

• WEAR

Wear and the See also:

• SUNDERLAND
• SUNDERLAND, CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD EARL OF (c. 1674-1722)
• SUNDERLAND, ROBERT SPENCER, 2ND EARL OF (1640-17o2); English politician, was the only son of Henry Spencer (162o--1643)

Sunderland docks (fig . 6) . If there is little littoral drift from the most exposed quarter, the amount of sand brought in during storms, which is smaller in proportion to the depth into which the entrance is carried, can be readily removed by dredging; whilst the scour across the projecting ends of the break-waters tends to keep the outlet free from deposit . Where there is littoral drift in both directions on an open, sandy coast, due to winds blowing alternately from opposite quarters, sand accumulates in the sheltered angles outside the harbour between each converging breakwater and the shore . This has happened at Ymuiden harbour at the entrance to the See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam ship-canal on the North Sea, but there the advance of the shore appears to have reached its limit only a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distance out from the old shore-line on each side; and the only See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of drift consists in the advance seawards of the lines of soundings alongside, and in the considerable amount of sand which enters the harbour and has to be removed by dredging . The worst results occur where the littoral drift is almost wholly in one direction, so that the projection of a solid breakwater out from the shore causes a very large See also:

• ACCRETION (from Lat. ad, to, and crescere, to grow)

accretion on the side facing the ex- posed quarter; whilst owing to the See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest of the travel of sand, erosion of the beach occurs beyond the second breakwater enclosing the harbour on its comparatively sheltered side . These effects have been produced at Port Said harbour at the entrance to the See also:

• SUEZ

Suez Canal from the Mediterranean, formed by two converging breakwaters, where, owing to the prevalent north-See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly winds, the drift is from / west to east, and is augmented by the alluvium issuing from the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile .

Accordingly, the shore has advanced consider-ably against the outer face of the western break- '-water; and erosion of adopted for forming a refuge harbour at See also:

• PETERHEAD

Peterhead (fig . 4), where a single breakwater is extended out from one shore for 3250 ft. across the outlet of the bay, leaving a single entrance between its extremity and the opposite shore and enclosing an See also:

• AREA

area of about 250 acres at low tide, See also:

• HALF

half of which has a depth of over 5 fathoms . Harbours possessing partial Natural Shelter.—The most See also:

• COMMON

common form of harbour is that in which one or more breakwaters supplement a certain amount of natural shelter . Sometimes, where the exposure is from one direction only, approximately parallel with the coast-line at the site, and there is more or less shelter from a projecting headland or a curve of the coast in the opposite direction, a single breakwater extending out at right angles to the shore, with coast-line, the extent and direction of the exposure, the amount of sheltered area required and the depth obtainable, the prospect of the See also:

• ACCUMULATION (from Lat. accumulare, to heap up)

accumulation of drift or the occurrence of scour from the pro-posed works, and ,the best position for an entrance in respect of shelter and depth of approach . Completion of Shelter of Harbours in Bays.—In the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of a deep, fairly landlocked bay, a detached breakwater across the outlet completes the necessary shelter, leaving an entrance between each extremity and the shore, provided there is deep enough water near the shore, as effected at See also:

• PLYMOUTH
• PLYMOUTH, EARLS OF

Plymouth harbour, and also across the wider but shallower bay forming See also:

• CHERBOURG

Cherbourg harbour . A breakwater may , instead be extended across the outlet from each shore, leaving a single central entrance between the ends of the breakwaters; and if one breakwater placed somewhat farther out is made to overlap an inner one, a more sheltered entrance is obtained . This arrangement has been adopted at the existing See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa harbour within the bay (fig . 3), and for the harbour at the mouth of the Nervion (see RIVER See also:

• ENGINEERING

ENGINEERING) . The adoption of a bay with deep water for a harbour does not merely reduce the shelter to be provided artificially, but it also secures a site not exposed to silting up, and where the sheltering works do not interfere with any littoral drift along the open coast . A third method of sheltering a deep bay is that the beach has occurred eoLolNSo . at the shore end of the eastern breakwater, cut- FIG . 5.—Colombo Harbour. ting it off from the land .

The advance of the shore-line, however, has been much slower during See also:

• RECENT

recent years; and though the progress seawards of the lines of soundings See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to and in front of the harbour continues, the advance is checked by the sand and silt coming from the west passing through some apertures purposely See also:

• LEFT

left in the western break-water, and falling into the approach channel, from which it is readily dredged and taken away . See also:

• MADRAS

Madras harbour, begun in 1875, consists of two breakwaters, 3000 ft. apart, carried straight out to sea at right angles to the shore for 30oo ft., and completed by two return arms inclined slightly seawards, enclosing an area of 220 acres and leaving a central entrance, 550 ft. wide, facing the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian Ocean in a depth of about 8 fathoms . The great drift, however, of sand along the coast from south to north soon produced an advance of the shore against the outside of the south breakwater, and erosion beyond the north breakwater; and the progression of the foreshore has extended so far seawards as to produce shoaling at the entrance . Accordingly, the closing of the entrance, and the formation of a new entrance through the outer part of the main north breakwater, facing north and sheltered by an See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm starting from the See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle of the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern return arm and running north parallel to the shore, See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the end of which vessels would turn to enter, have been recommended, to pro-vide a deep entrance beyond the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the advancing foreshore . Proposals have been made from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to time to evade this advance of the foreshore against a solid obstacle, by extending an open viaduct across the See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone of littoral drift, and forming a closed harbour, or a sheltering breakwater against which vessels can See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie, beyond the principle was carried out on a large scale at the port of See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call and sheltering breakwater constructed in front of the entrance to the See also:

• BRUGES (Flemish Brugge, a name signifying the bridge or place of bridges)

Bruges ship-canal, at Zeebrugge on the sandy North Sea coast, where a solid breakwater, provided with a wide See also:

• QUAY
• QUAY, MATTHEW STANLEY (1833-1904)

quay furnished with sidings and sheds, and curving round so as to overlap thoroughly the entrance to the canal and shelter a certain water-area, is approached by an open See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal viaduct extending out 1007 ft. from low water into a depth of 20 ft . (fig . 7) . It is hoped that by thus avoiding interference with the littoral drift close to the shore, coming mainly from the west, the accumulation of silt to the west of the harbour, and also in the harbour itself, will be prevented ; and though it appears probable that some accretion will occur within the area sheltered by the breakwater, it will to some extent be disturbed by the See also:

• WASH, THE

wash of the steamers approaching and leaving the quays, and can readily be removed under shelter by dredging . Entrances to Harbours.—Though captains of vessels always wish for wide entrances to harbours as affording greater facility of safe access, it is important to keep the width as narrow as practicable, consistent with easy access, to exclude waves and swell as much as possible and secure tranquillity inside . At Madras, the width of 550 ft. proved excessive for the great exposure of the entrance, and moderate size of the harbour, which does not allow of the adequate expansion of the entering swell . Where an adequately easy and safe approach can be secured, it is advantageous to make the entranceface a somewhat sheltered quarter by the overlapping of the end of one of the breakwaters, as accomplished at See also:

• BILBAO

Bilbao and Genoa harbours (fig . 3), and at the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern entrance to Dover harbour .

Occasionally, owing to the See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative shelter afforded by a bend in the adjacent coast-line, a very wide entrance can be left between a breakwater and the shore; typical examples are furnished by the former open northern entrance to See also:

• PORTLAND
• PORTLAND, EARL OF
• PORTLAND, ISLE OF
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM BENTINCK, EARL
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM HENRY CAVENDISH BENTINCK

Portland harbour, now closed against torpedoes, and the wide entrances at See also:

• HOLYHEAD (Caergybi, the fort of Cybi, the saint mentioned by Matthew Arnold as meeting St Seiriol of Penm6n, Anglesey)

Holyhead and Zeebrugge (fig . 7) . With a large harbour and the adoption of a detached breakwater, it is possible to gain the See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of two entrances facing different quarters, as effected at Dover and Colombo, which enables vessels to select their entrance according to the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind and See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather; where there is a large tidal rise they reduce the current through the entrances, and they may, under favourable conditions, create a circulation of the water in the harbour, tending to check the deposit of silt . (L . F .