See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

PRINCE KARL See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

AUGUST VON See also:

• PRINCE KARL AUGUST VON HARDENBERG (1750-1822)

HARDENBERG (1750-1822)  , Prussian statesman, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Essenroda in See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover on the 31st of May 1750 . After studying at See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig and See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen he entered the Hanoverian See also:

• CIVIL

civil service in 1770 as councillor of the See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of domains (Kammerrat) ; but, finding his See also:

• ADVANCEMENT

advancement slow, he set out—on the See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George III: on a course of travels, spending some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time at See also:

• WETZLAR

Wetzlar, See also:

• REGENSBURG (RATISBON)

Regensburg (where he studied the mechanism of the Imperial See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government), See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna and See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin . He also visited See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, where he was kindly received by the king . On his return he married, by his See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• DESIRE

desire, the countess See also:

• REVENTLOW, CHRISTIAN DITLEV FREDERICK, COUNT (1748-1827)

Reventlow . In 1778 he was raised to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of privy councillor and created a See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count . He now again went to England, in the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of obtaining the See also:

• POST

post of Hanoverian See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy in See also:

• LONDON

London; but, his wife becoming entangled in an amour with the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, so See also:

• GREAT

great a See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal was created that he was forced to leave the Hanoverian service . In 1782 he entered that of the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick, and as See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the board of domains displayed a zeal for reform, in the manner approved by the enlightened despots of the See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, that rendered him very unpopular with the orthodox See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy and the conservative estates . In Brunswick, too, his position was in the end made untenable by the conduct of his wife, whom he now divorced; he himself, shortly after-wards, marrying a divorced woman . Fortunately for him, this coincided with the lapsing of the principalities of See also:

• ANSBACH

Ansbach and See also:

• BAYREUTH, or BAIREUTH

Bayreuth to See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia, owing to the resignation of the last See also:

• MARGRAVE (Ger. Markgraf)

margrave, See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander, in 1791 . See also:

• HARDENBERG, KARL AUGUST VON, PRINCE (1750-1822)

Hardenberg, who happened to be in Berlin at the time, was on the recommendation of See also:

• HERZBERG

Herzberg appointed See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator of the principalities (1792) . The position, owing to the singular overlapping of territorial claims in the old See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire, was one of considerable delicacy, and Harden-See also:

• BERG (Ducatus Montensis)

berg filled it with great skill, doing much to reform traditional anomalies and to develop the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and at the same time labouring to expand the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of Prussia in See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . After the outbreak of the revolutionary See also:

• WARS

wars his See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic ability led to his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment as Prussian envoy, with a roving See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission to visit the Rhenish courts and win them over to Prussia's views; and ultimately, when the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for making See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace with the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic had been recognized, he was appointed to succeed Count See also:

• GOLTZ, BOGUMIL (18o1-1870)
• GOLTZ, COLMAR, FREIHERR VON DER (1843- )

Goltz as Prussian plenipotentiary at See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel (See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 28, 1795), where he signed the treaty of peace .

In 1797, on the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of King See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William III., Hardenberg was summoned to Berlin, where he received an important position in the See also:

• CABINET

cabinet and was appointed See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the departments of See also:

• MAGDEBURG

Magdeburg and See also:

• HALBERSTADT

Halberstadt, for See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF

Westphalia, and for the principality of See also:

• NEUCHATEL
• NEUCHATEL (Ger. Neuenburg)
• NEUCHATEL, LAKE OF

Neuchatel . In 1793 Hardenberg had struck up a friendship with Count See also:

• HAUGWITZ, CHRISTIAN AUGUST HEINRICH KURT, COUNT VON, FREIHERR VON KRAPPITZ (1752-1831)

Haugwitz, the influential See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister for See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign affairs, and when in 1803 the latter went away on leave (See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August-See also:

• OCTOBER

October) he appointed Hardenberg his locum tenens . It was a See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon had just occupied Hanover, and Haugwitz had urged upon the king the necessity for strong See also:

• MEASURES

measures and the expediency of a See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance; During his See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence, however, the king's irresolution continued; he clung to the policy of See also:

• NEUTRALITY

neutrality which had so far seemed to have served Prussia so well; and Hardenberg contented himself with adapting himself to the royal will . By the time Haugwitz returned, the unyielding attitude of Napoleon had caused the king to make advances to See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia; but the mutual declarations of the 3rd and 25th of May 1804 only pledged the two See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers to take up arms in the event of a French attack upon Prussia or of further aggressions in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Germany . Finally, Haugwitz, unable to persuade the cabinet to a more vigorous policy, resigned, and on the 14th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1804 Hardenberg succeeded him as foreign minister . If there was to be See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, Hardenberg would have preferred the French alliance, which was the See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price Napoleon demanded for the cession of Hanover to Prussia; for the Eastern powers would scarcely have conceded, of their See also:

• FREE

free will, so great an See also:

• AUGMENTATION

augmentation of Prussian See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . But he still hoped to gain the coveted See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize by See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy, backed by the veiled See also:

• THREAT

threat of an armed neutrality . Then occurred Napoleon's contemptuous violation of Prussian territory by marching three French See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps through Ansbach; King Frederick William's See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride overcame his weakness, and on the 3rd of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November he signed with the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar Alexander the terms of an See also:

• ULTIMATUM (from Lat. ultimus, last)

ultimatum to be laid before the French See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor . Haugwitz was despatched to Vienna with the document; but before he arrived the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• AUSTERLITZ (Czech Slavkov)

Austerlitz had been fought, and the Prussian plenipotentiary had to make the best terms he could with the conqueror . Prussia, indeed, by the treaty signed at Schonbrunn on the 15th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1805, received Hanover, but in return for all her territories in South Germany . One See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the arrangement was the retirement of Hardenberg, whom Napoleon disliked .

He was again foreign minister for a few months after the crisis of 1806 (April-See also:

• JULY

July 1807); but Napoleon's resentment was implacable, and one of the conditions of the terms granted to Prussia by the treaty of See also:

• TILSIT

Tilsit was Hardenberg's dismissal . After the enforced retirement of See also:

• STEIN, CHARLOTTE VON (1742-1827)
• STEIN, HEINRICH FRIEDRICH KARL, BARON VOM

Stein in 1810 and the unsatisfactory interlude of the feeble See also:

• ALTENSTEIN

Altenstein See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry, Hardenberg was again summoned to Berlin, this time as See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor (See also:

• JUNE

June 6, 181o) . The See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of See also:

• JENA

Jena and its consequences had had a profound effect upon him; and in his mind the traditions of the old diplomacy had given See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to the new sentiment of See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality characteristic of the coming See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, which in him found expression in a passionate desire to restore the position of Prussia and crush her oppressors . During his retirement at See also:

• RIGA (Esth. Ria-Lin)

Riga he had worked out an elaborate See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan for reconstructing the See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy on Liberal lines; and when he came into power, though the circumstances of the time did not admit of his pursuing an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent foreign policy, he steadily prepared for the struggle with France by carrying out Stein's far-reaching schemes of social and See also:

• POLITICAL

political reorganization . The military See also:

• SYSTEM

system was completely reformed, See also:

• SERFDOM (from Fr. serf, Lat. servus, a servant or slave)

serfdom was abolished, municipal institutions were fostered, the civil service was thrown open to all classes, and great See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention was devoted to the educational needs of every See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the community . When at last the time came to put these reforms to the test, after the See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow campaign of 1812, it was Hardenberg who, supported by the influence of the See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• LOUISE [AUGUSTE WILHELMINE AMALIE LUISE] (1776-1810)

Louise, determined Frederick William to take See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General Yorck's loyal disloyalty and declare against France . He was rightly regarded by See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German patriots as the statesman wh6 had done most to encourage the spirit of See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence; and immediately after he had signed the first peace of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris he was raised to the rank of prince (June 3, 1814) in recognition of the See also:

• PART

part he had played in the War of Liberation . Hardenberg now had an assured position in that See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation df sovereigns and statesmen by whom See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, during the next few years, was to be governed . He accompanied the allied sovereigns to England, and at the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of Vienna (1814-1815) was the chief plenipotentiary of Prussia . But from this time the See also:

• ZENITH (from the Arabic)

zenith of his influence, if not of his fame, was passed . In diplomacy he was no match for Metternich, whose influence soon overshadowed his own in the See also:

• COUNCILS

councils of Europe, of Germany, and ultimately even of Prussia itself . At Vienna, in spite of the powerful backing of Alexander of Russia, he failed to secure the See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation of the whole of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony to Prussia; at Paris, after See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo, he failed to carry through his views as to the further dismemberment of France; he had weakly allowed Metternich to forestall him in making terms with the states of the See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

Confederation of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, which secured to See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria the preponderance in the German federal See also:

• DIET

diet; on the See also:

• EVE

eve of the See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference of See also:

• CARLSBAD

Carlsbad (1819) he signed a See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention with Metternich, by which—to quote the historian See also:

• TREITSCHKE, HEINRICH VON (1834-1896)

Treitschke—" like a penitent sinner, without any formal quid See also:

• PRO

pro quo, the monarchy of Frederick the Great yielded to a foreign power a See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice in her See also:

• INTERNAL

internal affairs .

" At the congresses of See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle, See also:

• TROPPAU (Polish, Oppava; Czech, Opava)
• TROPPAU, CONGRESS OF

Troppau, See also:

• LAIBACH (Slovenian, Ljubljana)

Laibach and See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona the voice of Hardenberg was but an See also:

• ECHO (Gr. I'Xw)

echo of that of Metternich . The cause See also:

• LAY

lay partly in the difficult circumstances of theHARDING, C . loosely-knit Prussian monarchy, but partly in Hardenberg's See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, which, never well balanced, had deteriorated with age . He continued amiable, charming and enlightened as ever; but the excesses which had been pardonable in a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young diplomatist were a scandal in an elderly chancellor, and could not but weaken his influence with so pious a Landesvaler as Frederick William III . To overcome the king's terror of Liberal experiments would have needed all the powers of an adviser at once See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise and in character wholly trustworthy . Hardenberg was wise enough; he saw the necessity for constitutional reform; but he clung with almost senile tenacity to the sweets of See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, and when the See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide turned strongly against Liberalism he allowed himself to See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift with it . In the privacy of royal commissions he continued to elaborate schemes for constitutions that never saw the See also:

• LIGHT

light; but Germany, disillusioned, saw only the faithful henchman of Metternich, an See also:

• ACCOMPLICE (from Fr. complice, conspirator, Lat. complex, a sharer, associate, complicare, to fold together; the ac- is possibly due to confusion with " accomplish," to complete, Lat. complere, to fill up)

accomplice in the policy of the Carlsbad Decrees and the Troppau See also:

• PROTOCOL (Fr. protocole, Late Lat. protocollum, from Gr. vrp(;rros, first, and KoXXav, to glue, i.e. originally the first sheet of a papyrus roll)

Protocol . He died, soon after the closing of the congress of Verona, at See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa, on the 26th of November 1822 . See L. v . See also:

• RANKE, LEOPOLD VON (1795-1886)

Ranke, Denkwiirdigkeiten See also:

• DES

des Staatskanzlers Fiirsten von Hardenberg (5 vols., Leipzig, 1877) ; J . R . See also:

• SEELEY
• SEELEY, SIR JOHN ROBERT (1834–1895)

Seeley, The See also:

• LIFE

Life and Times of Stein (3 vols., See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, 1878) ; E .

Meier, Reform der Verwaltungsorganisation unter Stein and Hardenberg (ib., 1881); Chr . See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer, Hardenberg and See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine Verwaltung der Fiirstentiimer Ansbach and Bayreuth (See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau, 1892); Koser, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Neuordnung des preussischen Archivwesens durch den Staatskanzler Fiirsten v . Hardenberg (Leipzig, 1904) .