ADOLF See also:

• ADOLF HARNACK (1851– )

HARNACK (1851– )  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German theologian, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 7th of May 1851 at Dorpat, in See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, where his See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• THEODOSIUS

Theodosius See also:

• HARNACK, ADOLF (1851– )

Harnack (1817–1889), held a professorship of See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology . Theodosius Harnack was a staunch Lutheran and a prolific writer on theological subjects; his See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field of See also:

• WORK

work was See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical theology, and his important See also:

• BOOK

book on that subject, summing up his See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long experience and teaching, appeared at See also:

• ERLANGEN

Erlangen (1817–1878, 2 vols.) . The See also:

• LITURGY (Low Lat. liturgia; Gr. X€Zros, public, and Epyov, work; )Aetrovpy6s, a public servant)

liturgy of the Lutheran See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of Russia has, since 1888, been based on his Liturgische Formulare (1872) . The son pursued his studies at Dorpat (1869–1872) and at See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, where he took his degree; and soon afterwards (1874) began lecturing as a Privatdozent . These lectures, which dealt with such See also:

• SPECIAL

special subjects as See also:

• GNOSTICISM (Gr. yvwvcs, knowledge)

Gnosticism and the See also:

• APOCALYPSE
• APOCALYPSE (Gr. aaoKaXvti/hr, disclosure)
• APOCALYPSE, KNIGHTS OF THE

Apocalypse, attracted considerable See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention, and in 1876 he was appointed See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor extraordinarius . In the same See also:

• YEAR

year he began the publication, in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with O . L. von Gebhardt and T . Zahn, of an edition of the See also:

• WORKS

works of the Apostolic Fathers, Patrum apostolicorum See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

opera, a smaller edition of which appeared in 1877 . Three years later he was called to See also:

• GIESSEN

Giessen as professor ordinarius of church See also:

• HISTORY

history . There he collaborated with Oscar See also:

• LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

Leopold von Gebhardt in Texte and Untersuchungen zur Geschithte der altchristlichen Litteratur (1882 sqq.), an irregular periodical, containing only essays in New Testament and patristic See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields . In 1881 he published a work on See also:

• MONASTICISM (Gr. p.ovacrnabs, living alone, µ6vos)

monasticism, Das Monchtum, See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine Ideate and seine Geschichte (5th ed., 'goo; See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation, Igor), and became See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint-editor with Emil See also:

• SCHURER, EMIL (1844–1910)

Schurer of the Theologische Literaturzeitung . In 1885 he published the first See also:

• VOLUME

volume of his See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch-making work, Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte (3rd ed. in three volumes, 1894–1898; English translation in seven volumes, 1894–1899) .

In this work Harnack traces the rise of See also:

• DOGMA (Gr. Sbypa, from b6aeiv, to seem; literally " that which seems, sc. good or true or useful " to any one)

dogma, by which he understands the authoritative doctrinal See also:

• SYSTEM

system of the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century and its development down to the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation . He considers that in its earliest origins See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian faith and the methods of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek thought were so closely intermingled that much that is not essential to See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity found its way into the resultant system . Therefore Protestants are not only See also:

• FREE

free, but See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound, to criticize it; indeed, for a See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant Christian, dogma cannot be said to exist . An abridgment of this appeared in 188g with the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Grundriss der Dogmengeschichte (3rd ed., 1898) . In 1886 Harnack was called to See also:

• MARBURG
• MARBURG, COLLOQUY OF (Marburger Religionsgesprach)

Marburg; and in 1888, in spite of violent opposition from the conservative See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the church authorities, to See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin . In 1890 he became a member of the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Sciences . At Berlin, somewhat against his will, he was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn into a controversy on the Apostles' Creed, in which the patty antagonisms within the Prussian Church had found expression . Harnack's view is that the creed contains both too much and too little to be a satisfactory test for candidates for ordination, and he would prefer a briefer See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol which could be rigorously exacted from all (cf. his Das apostolische Glaubensbekenntnis . Ein geschichtlicher Buick nebst einem Nachworte, 1892; 27th ed., 1896) . At Berlin Harnack continued his See also:

• LITERARY

literary labours . In 1893 he published a history of See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Christian literature down to Euseblus, Geschichte der altchristl . Litteratur bis See also:

• EUSEBIUS
• EUSEBIUS (Gr. EuOi/3tos, from ebaegils, pious, cf. the Latin name Pius)
• EUSEBIUS [OF CAESAREA] (c. 260-c. 340)
• EUSEBIUS [OF EMESA] (d. c. "36o)

Eusebius (See also:

• PART

part 2 of vol. i., 1897); and in 1900 appeared his popular lectures, Das Wesen See also:

• DES

des Christentums (5th ed., 19o1; English translation, What is Christianity ?

1901; 3rd ed., 1904) . One of his more See also:

• RECENT

recent See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical works is See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die See also:

• MISSION

Mission and Ausbreitung des Christentums in den ersten drei Jahrhunderten (1902; English translation in two volumes, 1904–1905) . It has been followed by some very interesting and important New Testament studies (Beitrage zur Einleitung in das neue Testament, 1906 sqq.; Engl. trans.: See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke the Physician, 1907; The Sayings of Jesus, 1908) . Harnack, both as lecturer and writer, was one of the most prolific and most stimulating of See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical scholars, and trained up in his " Seminar" a whole See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation of teachers, who carried his ideas and methods throughout the whole–of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and even beyond its See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders . His distinctive See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character= istics are his claim for See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute freedom in the .study of church history and the New Testament; his distrust of speculative theology, whether orthodox or liberal; his See also:

• INTEREST

interest in practical Christianity as a religious See also:

• LIFE

life and not a system of theology . Some of his addresses on social matters have been published under the heading " Essays on the Social See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel (1907) .