See also:

• HARRAR (or HARAR)

HARRAR (or HARAR)  , a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of N.E . See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, in 8° 45' N., 42° 36' E., See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of a See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• ABYSSINIA (officially ETHIOPIA)

Abyssinia and 220 M . S.S.W. of the ports of See also:

• ZAILA

Zaila (See also:

• BRITISH

British) and See also:

• JIBUTI (DJIBOUTI)

Jibuti (See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French) on the Gulf of See also:

• ADEN

Aden . With Jibuti it is connected by a railway (188 m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long) and See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage-road . See also:

• HARRAR (or HARAR)

Harrar is built on the slopes of a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill at an See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of over 5000 ft . A lofty See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, pierced by five See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates and flanked by twenty-four towers, encloses the city, which has a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of about 40,000 . The streets are steep, narrow, dirty a.nd unpaved, the, roadways consisting of rough boulders . The houses are in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general made of undressed stone and mud and are See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat-topped, the general aspect of the city being See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental and un-Abyssinian . A few houses, including the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor and the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign consulates, are of more elaborate and solid construction than the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the buildings . There are several mosques and an Abyssinian See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church (of the usual circular construction) built of stone . Harrar is a city of considerable commercial importance, through it passing all the merchandise of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Abyssinia, See also:

• KAFFA

Kaffa and Galla See also:

• LAND

land . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief traders are Abyssinians, Armenians and Greeks .

The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of export is See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee, which is grown extensively in the neighbouring hills and is of the finest quality . Besides coffee there is a large See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in See also:

• DURRA
• DURRA (also written dourah, dhura, &c.; Arabic for a pearl, hence a grain of corn)

durra, the kat plant (used by the Mahommedans as a See also:

• DRUG
• DRUG (from Fr. drogue, a word common in Romance languages, cf. Span. and Ital. droga; the origin of the word is obscure, but may possibly be connected with Dutch droog, dry)

drug), See also:

• GHEE (Hindostani ghi)

ghee, See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, mules and camels, skins and hides, See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory and gums . The import trade is largely in See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton goods, but every See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of merchandise is included . Harrar is believed to owe its See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation to Arab immigrants from the See also:

• YEMEN (Yaman)

Yemen in the 7th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian era . In the region of See also:

• SOMALILAND

Somaliland, now the western See also:

• PART

part of the British See also:

• PROTECTORATE

protectorate of that name, the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs established the Moslem See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of Adel or Zaila, with their capital at Zaila on the Gulf of Aden . In the 13th century the sultans of Adel enjoyed See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, In 1521 the then See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan Abubekr transferred the seat of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to Harrar, probably regarding Zaila as too exposed to the attacks of the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish and Portuguese navies then contending for the mastery of the Red See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea and Gulf of Aden . Abubekr's successor was Mahommed III., Ahmed See also:

• IBN

ibn See also:

• IBRAHIM

Ibrahim el-See also:

• GHAZI (an Arabic word, from ghazd, to fight)

Ghazi (1507-1543), surnamed Gran (Granye), the See also:

• LEFT

left-handed . He was not an Arab but, probably, of Somali origin . The son of a noted See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior, he quickly See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to supreme power, becoming sultan or See also:

• AMIR, or AMEER (an Arabic word meaning " commander," from the root amr, " commanding ")

amir in 1525 . He is famous for his invasion of Abyssinia, of which See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country he was virtual See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master for several years . From the beginning of the 17th century Adel suffered greatly from the ravages of See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan Galla tribes, and Harrar sank to the position of an amirate of little importance . It was first visited by a See also:

• EUROPEAN

European in 1854 when (See also:

• SIR

Sir) See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• BURTON, JOHN HILL (1809–1881)
• BURTON, ROBERT (1577-1640)
• BURTON, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816–f goo)
• BURTON, SIR RICHARD FRANCIS (1821-1890)
• BURTON, WILLIAM EVANS (1804-1860)

Burton spent ten days there in the See also:

• GUISE
• GUISE, HOUSE OF

guise of an Arab .

In 1875 Harrar was occupied by an See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian force under Raouf See also:

• PASHA

Pasha, by whose orders the amir was strangled . The See also:

• TOWN

town remained in the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt until 1885, when the See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison was withdrawn in consequence of the rising of the See also:

• MANDI

Mandi in the See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan . The Egyptian garrison and many Egyptian civilians, in all 6500 persons, left Harrar between See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1884 and the 25th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1885, when a son of the ruler who had been deposed by Egypt was installed as amir, the arrangement being carried out under the superintendence of British See also:

• OFFICERS

officers . The new amir held power until See also:

• JANUARY

January 1887, in which See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month Harrar was conquered by Menelek II., See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Shea (afterwards See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor of Abyssinia) . The governorship of Harrar was by Menelek entrusted to See also:

• RAS

Ras Makonnen, who held the See also:

• POST

post until his See also:

• DEATH

death in 1906 . The Harrari proper are of a distinct stock from the neighbouring peoples, and speak a See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language . Harrarese is " a Semitic See also:

• GRAFT (a modified form of the earlier " grail," through the French from the Late Lat. graphium, a stylus or pencil)

graft inserted into an indigenous stock " (Sir R . Burton, First Footsteps in See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Africa) . The Harrari are Mahommedans of the Shafa'i or See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• SECT

sect, and they employ the See also:

• SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

solar See also:

• YEAR

year and the Persian See also:

• CALENDAR

calendar . Besides the native population there are in Harrar colonies of Abyssinians, Somalis and See also:

• GALLAS
• GALLAS, MATTHIAS, COUNT OF CAMPO, DUKE OF LUCERA (1584-1647)

Gallas . By the Somalis the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place is called Adari, by the Gallas Adaray . See ABYSSINIA; SOMALILAND .

Also P . Paulitschke, Harar: Forschungsreise nach den Som¢l- andoGalla-Ldndern Ost-Afrikas (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1888) .