HARUN  AL-RASHID (763 or 766-809), i.e . " Harun the Orthodox," the fifth of the `Abbasid caliphs of See also:

• BAGDAD, or BAGHDAD

Bagdad, and the second son of the third See also:

• CALIPH, CALIF

caliph See also:

• MANDI

Mandi . His full name was Harun See also:

• IBN

ibn Muhammad ibn `Abdallah ibn Muhammad ibn `See also:

• ALI

Ali ibn `Abdallah ibn `Abbas . He was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Rai (Rhagae) on the 20th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March A.D . 763, according to some accounts, and according to others on the 15th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February A.D . 766 . Harun al-Rashid was twenty-two years old when he ascended the See also:

• THRONE

throne . His See also:

• FATHER

father Mandi just before his See also:

• DEATH

death conceived the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of superseding his See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder son Musa (afterwards known as Hach, the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth caliph) by Harun . But on Mandi's death Harun gave way to his See also:

• BROTHER

brother . For the See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns in which he took See also:

• PART

part See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to his See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession see See also:

• CALIPHATE

CALIPHATE, See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section C, The See also:

• ABBASIDS

Abbasids, §§ 3 and 4 . Rashid owed his See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to the throne to the prudence and sagacity of Yahya b . Khalid the Barmecide, his secretary, whom on his accession he appointed his See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant and See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• VIZIER

vizier (see BARHECIDES) .

Under his guidance the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire flourished on the whole, in spite of several revolts in the provinces by members of the old Alid See also:

• FAMILY

family . Successful See also:

• WARS

wars were waged with the rulers of See also:

• BYZANTIUM

Byzantium and the See also:

• KHAZARS (known also as Chozars, as 'Aal r?'rpor or X6 apor in Byzantine writers, as Khazirs in Armenian and Khwalisses in Russian chronicles, and Ugri Bielii in Nestor)

Khazars . In 803, however, Harun became suspicious of the See also:

• BARMECIDES

Barmecides, whom with only a single exception he caused to be executed . Henceforward the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power was exercised by Fadl b . Rabi', who had been See also:

• CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
• CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)

chamberlain not only under Harlin himself but under his predecessors, Mansur, Madhi and HadI . In the later years of Harun's reign troubles arose in the eastern parts of the empire . These troubles assumed proportions so serious that Harlin himself decided to go to See also:

• KHORASAN, or KHORASSAN (i.e. " land of the sun ")

Khorasan . He died, however, at Tus in March 809 . The reign of Harun (see CALIPHATE, section C, § 5) was one of the most brilliant in the See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals of the caliphate, in spite of losses in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa and Transoxiana . His fame spread to the West, and See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne and he exchanged gifts and compliments as masters respectively of the West and the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East . No caliph ever gathered See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round him so See also:

• GREAT

great a number of learned men, poets, jurists, grammarians, cadis and See also:

• SCRIBES

scribes, to say nothing of the wits and musicians who enjoyed his patronage . Harun himself was a See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar and poet, and was well versed in See also:

• HISTORY

history, tradition and See also:

• POETRY

poetry .

He possessed See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste and discernment, and his dignified demeanour is extolled by the historians . In See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion he was extremely strict; he prostrated himself a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred times daily, and nine or ten times made the See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage to See also:

• MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

Mecca . At the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he cannot be regarded as a great See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator . He seems to have See also:

• LEFT

left everything to his viziers Yahya and Fadl, to the former of whom especially was due the prosperous See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the empire . Harun is best known to Western readers as the See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero of many of the stories in the Arabian Nights; and in Arabic literature he is the central figure of numberless anecdotes and humorous stories . Of his incognito walks through Bagdad, however, the See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic histories say nothing . His Arabic biographers are unanimous in describing him as See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble and generous, but there is little doubt that he was in fact a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of little force of See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, suspicious, untrustworthy and on occasions cruel . See the Arabic histories of Ibn al-Athir and Ibn Khaldun . Among See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• WORKS

works see See also:

• SIR

Sir W . See also:

• MUIR, JOHN (1810-1882)
• MUIR, SIR WILLIAM (1819-1905)

Muir, The Caliphate (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1891) ; R . D . See also:

• OSBORN, SHERARD (1822—1875)

Osborn, See also:

• ISLAM

Islam under the Khalifs of Bagdad (London, 1878) ; Gustav Weil, Geschichte der Chalifen (See also:

• MANNHEIM

Mannheim and See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1846-1862); G. le See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

Strange, Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate (See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1900) ; A .

See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller, Der Islam, vol. i . (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1885) ; E . H . See also:

• PALMER
• PALMER, EDWARD HENRY (1840-1882)
• PALMER, ERASTUS DOW (1817-1904)
• PALMER, GEORGE (1818-1897)
• PALMER, JOHN
• PALMER, RAY (1808-1887)
• PALMER, SAMUEL (1805-1881)
• PALMER, SIR CHARLES MARK, BART

Palmer, The Caliph Haroun Alraschid (London, 188o) ; J . B . See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

Bury's edition of See also:

• GIBBON
• GIBBON, EDWARD (1737–1794)

Gibbon's Decline and Fall (London, 1898), vol. vi. pp . - 34 See also:

• FOIL

foil .