See also:

• HARVEST (A.S. hcerfest " autumn," O.H. Ger. herbist, possibly through an old Teutonic root representing Lat. car pere, " to pluck ")

HARVEST (A.S. hcerfest " autumn," O.H. Ger. herbist, possibly through an old See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root representing See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• CAR (Late Lat. carra)

car pere, " to See also:

• PLUCK

pluck ")  , the See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season of the ingathering of crops . See also:

• HARVEST (A.S. hcerfest " autumn," O.H. Ger. herbist, possibly through an old Teutonic root representing Lat. car pere, " to pluck ")

Harvest has been a season of rejoicing from the remotest ages . The See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews celebrated the Feast of See also:

• PENTECOST

Pentecost as their harvest festival, the See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat ripening earlier in See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine . The See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans had their Cerealia or feasts in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of See also:

• CERES

Ceres . The See also:

• DRUIDS, ORDER OF

Druids celebrated their harvest on the 1st of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November . In pre-See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

reformation See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England See also:

• LAMMAS (0. Eng. hlammaesse, hlafmaesse, from hlaf, loaf, and maesse, mass, "loaf-mass")

Lammas See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

Day (Aug . 1st, O.S.) was observed at the be-ginning of the harvest festival, every member of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church presenting a See also:

• LOAF

loaf made of new wheat . Throughout the See also:

• WORLD

world harvest has always been the occasion for many queer customs which all have their origin in the animistic belief in the See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

Corn-Spirit or Corn-See also:

• MOTHER

Mother . This personification of the crops has See also:

• LEFT

left its impress upon the harvest customs of See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . In See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, for example, the figure made out of the last sheaf of corn is called the See also:

• BASTARD (O. Fr. bastard, mod. bdtard = fits de bast, "pack-saddle child," from bast, saddle)

Bastard, and a boy is wrapped up in it . The woman who binds this sheaf represents the " Cornmother," and an elaborate simulation of childbirth takes See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, the boy in the sheaf squalling like a new-See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child, and being, on his liberation, wrapped in swaddling bands . Even in England vestiges of sympathetic magic can be detected .

In See also:

• NORTHUMBERLAND
• NORTHUMBERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN DUDLEY, VISCOUNT LISLE, EARL OF WARWICK
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN NEVILLE, EARL OF (c. 1430-1471)

Northumberland, where the harvest rejoicing takes place at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the See also:

• REAPING (from O.E. rypan, rypan, probably allied to " ripe," mature, i.e. " fit for reaping "; the cognate forms are found in other languages)

reaping and not at the ingathering, as soon as the last sheaf is set on end the reapers shout that they have " got the See also:

• KERN, JAN HENDRIK (1833– )

kern." An See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image formed of a wheatsheaf, and dressed in a See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• FROCK

frock and coloured See also:

• RIBBONS

ribbons, is hoisted on a See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

pole . This is the " kern-baby " or harvest-See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen, and it is carried back in See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph with See also:

• MUSIC

music and shouting and set up in a prominent place during the harvest supper . In See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland the last sheaf if cut before Hallowmas is called the " See also:

• MAIDEN, or MAID

maiden," and the youngest girl in the harvest-See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field is given the See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of cutting it . If the reaping finishes after Hallowmas the last corn cut is called the Cailleach (old woman) . In some parts of Scotland this last sheaf is kept till See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas See also:

• MORNING

morning and then divided among the See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle " to make them thrive all the See also:

• YEAR

year See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round," or is kept till the first See also:

• MARE

mare foals and is then given to her as her first See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food . Throughout the world, as J . G . Frazer shows, the semi-See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of the last sheaf is or has been the See also:

• GREAT

great feature of the harvest-See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home . Among harvest customs none is more interesting than harvest cries . The cry of the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian reapers announcing the See also:

• DEATH

death of the corn-spirit, the rustic prototype of See also:

• OSIRIS

Osiris, has found its See also:

• ECHO (Gr. I'Xw)

echo on the world's harvest-See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields, and to this day, to take an See also:

• ENGLISH

English example, the See also:

• DEVONSHIRE (DEvoN)
• DEVONSHIRE, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Devonshire reapers utter cries of the same sort and go through a ceremony which in its See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main features is an exact counterpart of See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan worship . " After the wheat is cut they ` cry the See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck.' ... An old See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man goes round to the shocks and picks out a bundle of the best ears he can find .

. . this bundle is called ` the neck '; the harvest hands then stand round in a See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring, the old man holding ` the neck ' in the centre . At a See also:

• SIGNAL

signal from him they take off their hats, stooping and holding them with both hands towards the ground . Then all together they utter in a prolonged cry ` the neck ! ' three times, raising themselves upright with their hats held above their heads . Then they See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change their cry to ` Wee yen! way yen ! ' or, as some See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report, ` we haven!' " On a See also:

• FINE

fine still autumn evening " crying the neck " has a wonderful effect at a distance . In See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Anglia there still survives the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom known as " Hallering Largess." The harvesters beg largess from passers, and when they have received See also:

• MONEY

money they shout thrice " Halloo, largess." having first formed a circle, bowed their heads See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low crying " Hoo-Hoo-Hoo," and then jerked their heads back-wards and uttered a shrill shriek of " Ah ! Ah ! For a very full discussion of harvest customs see J . G . Frazer, The See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden Bough, and See also:

• BRAND, JOHN (1744-1806)
• BRAND, SIR JOHN HENRY (1823-1888)

Brand's See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

Anti?uities of Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain (See also:

• HAZLITT, WILLIAM (1778-1830)

Hazlitt's edit., 1905) . HARVEST-See also:

• BUG

BUG, the See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar name for mites of the See also:

• FAMILY

family Trombidiidae, belonging to the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order Acari of the class See also:

• ARACHNIDA

Arachnida .

Although at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time regarded as constituting a distinct See also:

• SPECIES

species, described as Leptus autumnalis, harvest-bugs are now known to be the six-legged larval forms of several See also:

• BRITISH

British species of mites of the genus Trombidium . They are See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute, rusty-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown organisms, barely visible to the naked See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye, which swarm in grass and low herbage in the summer and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early autumn, and cause considerable, sometimes intense, irritation by piercing and adhering to the skin of the See also:

• LEG
• LEG (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian leggr, cf. Swed. lagg, Dan. laeg; the O. Eng. word was sceanca, shank)

leg, usually lodging themselves in some See also:

• PART

part where the clothing is tight, such as the See also:

• KNEE (O. E. cneow, a word common to Indo-European languages, cf. Ger. Knie, Fr. genou, Span. hinojo, Lat. genu, Gr. ybvv, Sansk. janu)

knee when covered with gartered stockings . They may be readily destroyed, and the irritation allayed, by rubbing the affected See also:

• AREA

area with some insecticide like See also:

• TURPENTINE (in M. Eng. turbentine, adapted through the O. Fr. turbentine or terebentine from Lat. terebinthina, sc. resina, resin of the terebinth, Gr. eepiOtvOos or eippavOos)

turpentine or benzine . 'They are not permanently parasitic, and if left alone will leave their temporary See also:

• HOST

host to resume the active See also:

• LIFE

life characteristic of the adult See also:

• MITE

mite, which is predatory in habits, preying upon minute living See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal organisms .