See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

FRANK ABNEY See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• FRANK ABNEY HASTINGS (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

HASTINGS (1794-1828)  , See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• NAVAL

naval officer and Philhellene, was the son of Lieut.-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings, a natural son of See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis Hastings, tenth See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• HUNTINGDON
• HUNTINGDON, EARLS OF
• HUNTINGDON, SELINA HASTINGS, COUNTESS OF (1707—1791)

Huntingdon . He entered the See also:

• NAVY

navy in 1805, and was in the " See also:

• NEPTUNE
• NEPTUNE (Lat. NEPTUNUS)

Neptune " (See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo) at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• TRAFALGAR, BATTLE OF

Trafalgar; but in 182o a See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with his See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain led to his leaving the service . The revolutionary troubles of the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time offered chances of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign employment . Hastings spent a See also:

• YEAR

year on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent to learn See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, and sailed for See also:

• GREECE

Greece on the 12th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1822 from See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles . On the 3rd of See also:

• APRIL

April he reached See also:

• HYDRA
• HYDRA (or SDRA, NIDRA, IDERO, &c.; anc. Hydrea)
• HYDRA (watersnake)

Hydra . For two years he took See also:

• PART

part in the naval operations of the Greeks in the Gulf of See also:

• SMYRNA (Ismir)

Smyrna and elsewhere . He saw that the See also:

• LIGHT

light squadrons of the Greeks must in the end be overpowered by the heavier See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish navy, clumsy as it was; and in 1823 he See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up and presented to See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• BYRON, GEORGE GORDON BYRON, 6TH BARON (1788-1824)
• BYRON, HENRY JAMES (1834-1884)
• BYRON, HON
• BYRON, JOHN BYRON

Byron a very able memorandum which he laid before the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government in 1824 . This See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper is of See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• INTEREST

interest apart from its importance in the Greek insurrection, for it contains the germs of the See also:

• GREAT

great revolution which has since been effected in naval gunnery and See also:

• TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

tactics . In substance the memorandum advocated the use of steamers in preference to sailing See also:

• SHIPS

ships, and of See also:

• DIRECT

direct See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire with shells and hot shot, as a more trustworthy means of destroying the Turkish See also:

• FLEET

fleet than fire-ships . It will be found in See also:

• FINLAY, GEORGE (1799-1875)

Finlay's See also:

• HISTORY

History of the Greek Revolution, vol. ii. appendix i . The application of Hastings's ideas led necessarily to the disuse of sailing ships, and the introduction of See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour . The incompetence of the Greek government and the corrupt See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste of its resources prevented the full application of Hastings's bold and far-seeing plans .

But largely by the use of his own See also:

• MONEY

money, of which he is said to have spent £7000, he was able to some extent to carry them out . In 1824 he came to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England to obtain a steamer, and in 1825 he had fitted out a small steamer named the " Karteria " (Perseverance), manned by Englishmen, Swedes and Greeks, and provided with apparatus for the See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge of See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell and hot shot . He did enough to show that if his See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice had been vigorously followed the See also:

• TURKS

Turks would have been driven off the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long before the date of the battle of See also:

• NAVARINO, BATTLE OF

Navarino . The great effect produced by his shells in an attack on the sea-See also:

• LINE

line of communication of the Turkish See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, then besieging See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens at See also:

• OROPUS

Oropus and See also:

• VOLO

Volo in March and April 1827, was a clear See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof that much more could have been done . Military mismanagement caused the defeat of the Greeks See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round Athens . But Hastings, in co-operation with General Sir R . See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church (q.v.), shifted the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the attack to western Greece . Here his destruction of a small Turkish See also:

• SQUADRON

squadron at Salona See also:

• BAY

Bay in the Gulf of See also:

• CORINTH
• CORINTH, ISTHMUS OF

Corinth (29th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1827) provoked See also:

• IBRAHIM

Ibrahim See also:

• PASHA

Pasha into the aggressive movements which led to the destruction of his fleet by the See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies at Navarino (q.v.) on the 20th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1827 . On the 25th of May 1828 he was wounded in an attack on Anatolikon, and he died in the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour of See also:

• ZANTE (anc. Zacynthus)

Zante on the 1st of See also:

• JUNE

June . General See also:

• GORDON
• GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY (1833—1870)
• GORDON, ALEXANDER (c. 1692—c. 1754)
• GORDON, CHARLES GEORGE (1833-'885)
• GORDON, LEON
• GORDON, LORD GEORGE (1751-1793)
• GORDON, PATRICK (1635–1699)
• GORDON, SIR JOHN WATSON (1788—1864)

Gordon, who served in the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war and wrote its history, says of him: " If ever there was a disinterested and really .useful Philhellene it was Hastings . He received no pay, and had expended most of his slender See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune in keeping the ` Karteria ' afloat for the last six months . His See also:

• SHIP

ship, too, was the only one in the Greek navy where See also:

• REGULAR

regular discipline was maintained." See See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Gordon, History of the Greek Revolution (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1832); See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Finlay, History of the Greek Revolution (See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, 1861) .