See also:

• HAUNTINGS (from " to haunt," Fr. banter, of uncertain origin, but possibly from Lat. ambitare, ambire, to go about, frequent)

HAUNTINGS (from " to haunt," Fr. banter, of uncertain origin, but possibly from See also:

• LAT

Lat. ambitare, ambire, to go about, frequent)  , the supposed manifestations of existence by See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits of the dead in houses or places See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar to them in See also:

• LIFE

life . The See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage practice of tying up the See also:

• CORPSE (Lat. corpus, the body)

corpse before burying it is clearly intended to prevent the dead from " walking "; and See also:

• CREMATION (Lat. cremare, to burn)

cremation, whether in savage lands or in classical times, may have originally had the same See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive . The " spirit " manifests himself, as a See also:

• RULE

rule, either in his bodily See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, as when he lived, or in the shape of some See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal, or by disturbing noises, as in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the See also:

• POLTERGEIST (Ger. for " racketing spirit ")

poltergeist (q.t.) . Classical examples occur in See also:

• PLAUTUS, TITUS MACCIUS (originally perhaps MACCUS; cf. Asin. Prol. 11)

Plautus (Mostel-/See also:

• ARIA (Ital. for " air ")

aria), See also:

• LUCIAN (d. 312)
• LUCIAN [Aowaavos] (c. A.D. 120-180)

Lucian (Plailopseudes), See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny, Suetonius, St See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine, St See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory, See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch and elsewhere, while See also:

• LUCRETIUS (TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS) (c. 98–55 B.C.)

Lucretius has his theory of See also:

• APPARITIONS

apparitions of the dead . He does not deny the fact; he explains it by " films " diffused from the living See also:

• BODY

body and persisting in the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere . A somewhat similar See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis, to See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account for certain alleged phenomena, was invented by Mr See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund See also:

• GURNEY
• GURNEY, EDMUND (1847—1888)

Gurney . Some visionary appearances in haunted houses do not suggest the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of an See also:

• AMBULATORY (Med. Lat. ainbulatorium, a place for walking, from ambulare, to walk)

ambulatory spirit, but rather of thephotograph of a past event, impressed we know not how on we know not what . In this theory there is no See also:

• ROOM

room for the agency of spirits of the dead . The belief in See also:

• HAUNTINGS (from " to haunt," Fr. banter, of uncertain origin, but possibly from Lat. ambitare, ambire, to go about, frequent)

hauntings was naturally persistent through the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages, and example and theory abound in the Loca infesta (See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne, 1 oS) of Petrus Thyraeus, S.J.; Wierius (c . 1560), in De pracsligiis dacmonurn, is in the same See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale . According to Thyraeus, hauntings See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to the senses of sight, See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing and See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch . The auditory phenomena are mainly thumping noises, sounds of footsteps, laughing and moaning .

Rackets in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general are caused by lures domestici (" brownies ") or the Poltergeist . In the tactile way ghosts push the living; " I have been thrice pushed by an invisible See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power," writes the Rev . See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• WESLEY (FAMILY)
• WESLEY, JOHN (1703-1791)
• WESLEY, SAMUEL (1766-1837)
• WESLEY, SAMUEL SEBASTIAN (1810–1876)

Wesley, in 1717, in his narrative of the disturbances at his rectory at Epworth . Once he was pushed against the corner of his See also:

• DESK (from Lat. discus, quoit, in med. sense of " table," cf. " dish " and Ger. Tisch, table, from same source)

desk in the study; once up against the See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door of the matted chamber; and. thirdly, " against the right-See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• FRAME

frame of my study door, as I was going in." We have thus See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant corroboration of the statement of the learned Jesuit . Thyraeus raises the question, Are the experiences hallucinatory ? Did Mr Wesley (to take his case) receive a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere hallucinatory set of pushes ? Was the See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair of a friend of the writer's, who occupied a haunted See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, only pulled in a subjective way ? Thyraeus remarks that, in cases of noisy phenomena, not all persons See also:

• PRESENT

present hear them ; and, rather curiously, Mr Wesley records the same experience; he sometimes did not hear sounds that seemed violently loud to his wife and See also:

• FAMILY

family, who were with him at prayers . Thyraeus says that, as collective hallucinations of sight are rare—all present not usually seeing the apparition—so audible phenomena are not always ex•• perienced by all persons present . In such cases, he thinks that the See also:

• SIGHTS

sights and sounds have no See also:

• EXTERNAL

external cause, he regards the sights and sounds as delusions—caused by spirits . This is a difficult question . He mentions that we hear all the See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture being tossed about (as See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter and See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott heard it at See also:

• ABBOTSFORD

Abbotsford; see See also:

• LOCKHART, JOHN GIBSON (1794–1854)
• LOCKHART, QEORGE (1673-1731)
• LOCKHART, SIR WILLIAM STEPHEN ALEXANDER (1841–1900)

Lockhart's Life, v .

311-315) . Yet, on inspection, we find all the .furniture in its proper See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . There is abundant See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence to experience of this phenomenon, which remains as inexplicable as it was in the days of Thyraeus . When the sounds are heard, has the atmosphere vibrated, or has the impression only been made on " the inner See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear " ? In reply, Mr . See also:

• PROCTER, BRYAN WALLER (1787–1874)

Procter, who for sixteen years (1831-1847) endured the unexplained disturbances at Willington See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

Mill, avers that the material See also:

• OBJECTS

objects on which the knocks appeared to be struck did certainly vibrate (see POLTERGEIST) . Is then the See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt vibration See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• HALLUCINATION (from Lat. alucinari or allucinari, to wander in mind, Gr. a.)^i resty or hXvecv, from an, wandering)

hallucination ? As for visual phenomena, " ghosts," Thyraeus does not regard them as space-filling entities, but as hallucinations imposed by spirits on the human senses; the spirit, in each case, not being necessarily the soul of the dead See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man or woman whom the phantasm represents . In the See also:

• MATTER

matter of alleged hauntings, the symptoms, the pheno. See also:

• MENA, JUAN DE (1411–1456)
• MENA, PEDRO DE (d. 1693)

mena, to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, are exactly the same as those recorded by Thyraeus . The belief in them is so far a living thing that it greatly lowers the letting value of a house when it is reported to be haunted . .(An See also:

• ACTION

action for libelling a house as haunted was reported in the See also:

• LONDON

London See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers of the 7th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1907) . It is true that See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient family legends of haunts are gloried in by the inheritors of stately homes in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, or castles in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, and to discredit the traditional See also:

• GHOST (a word common to the W. Teutonic languages; O.E. vest, Dutch, 'geest, Ger. Geist)

ghost—in the days of Sir Walter Scott —was to come within measurable distance of a See also:

• DUEL (Ital. duello, Lat. duellum—old form of bellum-from duo, two)

duel .

But the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time-honoured phantasms of old houses usually survive only in the memory of " the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest aunt telling the saddest tale . Their See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical basis can no more endure See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism than does the family portrait of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary, signed by See also:

• MEDINA
• MEDINA, JOSE TORIBIO (1852- )

Medina about 1950-1770, and described by the family as " given to our ancestor by the Queen herself." After many years' experience of a baronial dwelling credited with seven distinct and See also:

• SEPARATE

separate phantasms, not one of which was ever seen by hosts, guests or domestics, See also:

• SCEPTICISM (o-Kesrroµai, I consider, reflect, hesitate, doubt)

scepticism as regards traditional ghosts is excusable . See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

Legend reports that they punctually appear on the anniversaries of their misfortunes, but no evidence of such punctuality has been produced . The Society for Psychical See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

Research has investigated hundreds of cases of the alleged haunting of houses, and the reports are in the archives of the society . But, as the mere rumour of a haunt greatly lowers the value of a house, it is seldom possible to publish the names of the witnesses, and hardly ever permitted to publish the name of the house . From the point of view o'f See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science this is unfortunate (see Proceedings S.P.R. vol. viii. pp . 311-332 and Proceedings of 1882-1883, 1883-1884) . As far as inquiry had any results, they were to the following effect . The spectres were of the most shy and fugitive See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, seen now by one See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, now by another, See also:

• CROSSING

crossing a room, walking along l See also:

• CORRIDOR (Fr. corridor, from Ital. corridore, Med. Lat. corridorium, a " running-place," from currere, to run)

corridor, and entering See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers in which, on inspection, they were not found . There was almost never any See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story to account for the appearances, as in See also:

• MAGAZINE

magazine ghost-stories, and, if story there were, it lacked evidence . Recognitions of known dead persons were infrequent; occasionally there was recognition of a portrait in the house . The apparitions spoke in only one or two recorded cases, and, as a rule, seemed to have no motive for appearing .

place among the scholars of the Prussian See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, making his presence felt, not only by the See also:

• PRESTIGE

prestige of his erudition and the clearness of his See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect, but by the tirelessness of his See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy and the ardent fearlessness of his temperament . He died, of See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart disease, on the 5th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 18i4 . See also:

• HAUPT, MORITZ (1808—1874)

Haupt's See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical See also:

• WORK

work is distinguished by a happy See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of the most painstaking investigation with intrepidity of conjecture, and while in his lectures and addresses he was frequently carried away by the excitement of the moment, and made See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp and questionable attacks on his opponents, in his writings he exhibits See also:

• GREAT

great self-See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control . The results of manly of his researches are altogether lost, because he could not be prevailed upon to publish what See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell much See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short of his own high ideal of excellence . To the progress of classical scholarship he contributed by Quaestiones Catullianae (1837), Observationes criticae (1841), and See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of See also:

• OVID [PUBLIUS OvID1us NASO] (43 B.C.–A.D. 17)

Ovid's Halieutica and the Cynegetica of Gratius and See also:

• NEMESIANUS, MARCUS AURELIUS OLYMPIUS

Nemesianus (1838), of See also:

• CATULLUS, GAIUS VALERIUS (?84-J4 B.C.)

Catullus, See also:

• TIBULLUS, ALBIUS (c. 54–19 B.c.)

Tibullus and See also:

• PROPERTIUS, SEXTUS (ft. 30-15 B.C.)

Propertius (3rd ed., 1868), of See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace (3rd ed., 1871) and of See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil (2nd ed., 1873) . As See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1836, with See also:

• HOFFMANN, AUGUST HEINRICH (1798–1874)
• HOFFMANN, ERNST THEODOR WILHELM (1776-1822)
• HOFFMANN, JOHANN JOSEPH (1805-1878)

Hoffmann The " ghost " resembles nothing so much as a somnambulist, or the See also:

• DREAM (from a root dreug, connected with Germ. trugen, to deceive)

dream-walk of one living person made visible, telepathic-ally, to another living person . Almost the only sign of consciousness given by the appearances is their shyness; on being spoken to or approached they generally vanish . Not infrequently they are taken, at first sight, for living human beings . In darkness they are often luminous, otherwise they would be invisible ! Unexplained noises often, but not always, occur in houses where these phenomena are perceived . Evidence is only See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good, approximately, when a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of persons, in the same house, behold the same See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, without being aware that it has previously been seen by others . Naturally it is almost impossible to prove this See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance .

When inquirers believe that the appearances are due to the agency of spirits of the dead, they usually suppose the method to be a telepathic impact on the mind of the living by some " mere automatic See also:

• PROJECTION

projection from a consciousness which has its centre elsewhere " (See also:

• MYERS, FREDERIC WILLIAM HENRY (1843-1901)

Myers, Proceedings S.P.R. vol. xv. p . 64) . Myers, in Human See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

Personality, fell back on " See also:

• PALAEOLITHIC (Gr. iraXates, old, and )tWBor, stone)

palaeolithic psycho-logy," and a theory of a phantasmogenetic agency producing a phantasm which had some actual relation to space . But space forbids us to give examples of See also:

• MODERN

modern experiences in haunted houses, endured by persons sane, healthy and well educated . The cases, abundantly offered in Proceedings S.P.R., suggest that certain localities, more than others, are " centres of permanent possibilities of being hallucinated in a manner more or less See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform." The causes of this fact (if causes there be, beyond a casual hallucination or illusion of A, which, when reported, begets by See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion, or, when not reported, by See also:

• TELEPATHY (Gr. rnXe, far, wan, feelings), or THOUGHT TRANSFERENCE

telepathy, hallucinations in B, C, D and E), remain unknown (Proceedings S.P.R. vol. viii. p . 133 et seq.) . Mr Podmore proposed this hypothesis of See also:

• CAUSATION

causation, which was not accepted by Myers; he thought that the theory laid too heavy a See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden on telepathy and suggestion . Neither cause, nor any other cause of similar results, ever affects members of the S.P.R. who may be sent to dwell in haunted houses . They have no weird experiences, except when they are visionaries who see phantoms wherever. they go . (A .