See also:

• HAUREAU (JEAN) BARTHELEMY (1812-1896)

HAUREAU (See also:

• JEAN

JEAN) See also:

• BARTHELEMY
• BARTHELEMY, ANATOLE
• BARTHELEMY, AUGUSTE MARSEILLE (1796–1867)
• BARTHELEMY, FRANCOIS, MARQUIS DE (1747 or 1750-1830)
• BARTHELEMY, JEAN JACQUES (1716–1795)

BARTHELEMY (1812-1896)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French historian and See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous writer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twenty he published a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of apologetic studies on the Montagnards . In later years he regretted the youthful See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm of these papers, and endeavoured to destroy the copies . He joined the See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff of the See also:

• NATIONAL

National, and was praised by See also:

• THEOPHILE

Theophile See also:

• GAUTIER
• GAUTIER, EMILE THEODORE LEON (1832-1897)
• GAUTIER, THEOPHILE (1811-1872)

Gautier as the " See also:

• TRIBUNE (med. Lat. tribune, from classical Lat. tribunal)

tribune " of romanticism . At that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he seemed to be destined to a See also:

• POLITICAL

political career, and, indeed, after the revolution of the 24th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1848 was elected member of the National See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly; but See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close contact with revolutionary men and ideas gradually cooled his old ardour . Throughout his See also:

• LIFE

life he was an enemy to innovators, not only in politics and See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, but also in literature . This attitude sometimes led him to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form unjust estimates, but only on very rare occasions, for his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character was as just as his erudition was scrupulous . After the coup dual he resigned his position as director of the MS. See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the Bibliotheque Nationale, to which he had been appointed in 1848, and he refused to accept any administrative See also:

• POST

post until after the fall of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . After having acted as director of the national See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press from 1870 to 1881, he retired, but in 1893 accepted the post of director of the Fondation See also:

• THIERS

Thiers . He was also a member of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of improvement of the Ecole See also:

• DES

des Chartes . He died on the 29th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1896 . For over See also:

• HALF

half a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century he was engaged in See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing on the religious, philosophical, and more particularly the See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• HISTORY

history of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages .

Appointed librarian of the See also:

• TOWN

town of Le Mans in 1835, he was first attracted by the history of See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine, and in 1843 published the first See also:

• VOLUME

volume of his Histoire litteraire du Maine (4 vols., 1543-1852); which he subsequently recast on a new See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan (10 vols., 187o-1877) . In 1845 he brought out an edition of vol. ii. of G . See also:

• MENAGE, GILLES (1613-1692)

Menage's Histoire de See also:

• SABLE
• SABLE, AMERICAN
• SABLE, CHINESE
• SABLE, MADELEINE DE SOUVRE, MARQUISE DE (1599—1678)
• SABLE, RUSSIAN

Sable . He then undertook the continuation of the Gallia christiana, and produced val. xiv . (1856) for the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• TOURS

Tours, vol. xv . (1862) for the province of See also:

• BESANCON

Besancon, and vol. xvi . (1865-1870) for the province of See also:

• VIENNE
• VIENNE, COUNCIL OF

Vienne . This important See also:

• WORK

work gained him See also:

• ADMISSION

admission to the See also:

• ACADEMIC

Academic des See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

Inscriptions et Belles-Let tres (1862) . In the Notices et extraits des manuscrits he inserted several papers which were afterwards published separately, with additions and corrections, under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Notices ct extra its de quelques manuscrits de la Bibliotheque Nationale (6 vols., 1890-1893) . To the Histoire litteraire de la See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France he contributed a number of studies, among which must be mentioned that See also:

• RELATING

relating to the See also:

• SERMON (Lat. sermo, a discourse)

sermon-writers (vol. See also:

• XXVI

xxvi., 1873), whose See also:

• WORKS

works, being often See also:

• ANONYMOUS

anonymous, raise many problems of attribution, and, though deficient in orginality of thought and See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, reflect the very spirit of the middle ages . Among his other works mention must be made of his remarkable Histoire de la philosophic scalastique (1872-1880), extending from the time of See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne to the 13th century, which was See also:

• EXPANDED

expanded from a See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper crowned by the Academic des Sciences Morales et Politiques in 1S5o; See also:

• LES

Les Melanges poetiques d'Hildeberl de Lavardin (1S82); an edition of the Works of See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh of St See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor (1886); a See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical study of the Latin poems attributed to St See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard (18go); and Bernard Ddlicieux et l'See also:

• INQUISITION, THE (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

inquisition albigeoise (1877) . To these must be added his contributions to the Dictionnaire des sciences philosophiques, See also:

• DIDOT

Didot's Biographic generate, the Biblio- 0 ideas or things with which the See also:

• HAUSA

Hausa must have been See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar from the very earliest time are obviously connected with Arabic or Semitic roots .

There is a certain amount of resemblance between the Hausa See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language and that spoken by the See also:

• BERBERS

Berbers to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• TRIPOLI
• TRIPOLI (Tarabulus el-Gharb, i.e. Tripoli of the West)
• TRIPOLI, or TARABULUS (anc. Tripolis)

Tripoli and See also:

• TUNIS

Tunis . This language, again, has several striking points of resemblance with Coptic . If, as seems likely, the connexion between these three See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages should be demonstrated, such connexion would serve to corroborate the Hausa tradition that their ancestors came from the very far See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east away beyond See also:

• MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

Mecca . The Hausa language has been reduced to writing for at least a century, possibly very much longer . It is the only language in tropical See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa which has been reduced to writing by the natives themselves, unless the Vai See also:

• ALPHABET (see also WRITING)

alphabet, introduced by a native inventor in the interior of See also:

• LIBERIA

Liberia in the first half of the 19th century be excepted; the character used is a modified form of Arabic . Some fragments of literature exist, consisting of political and religious poems, together with a limited amount of native history . A volume, consisting of history and poems reproduced in facsimile, with See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations, has been published by the See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge University Press . Religion.—About one-third of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people are professed Mahommedans, one-third are See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen, and the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder have apparently no definite form of religion . Their Mahommedanism See also:

• DATES

dates from the 14th century, but became more See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general when the See also:

• FULA (FULBE, FELLATAH or PEULS)

Fula See also:

• SHEIKH, or SHAIKH

sheikh See also:

• DAN

Dan Fodio initiated the religious See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war which ended in the See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding of the Fula empire . Ever since then the ruler of See also:

• SOKOTO

Sokoto has been acknowledged as the religious See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the whole See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute has been paid to him as such . The Hausa who profess Mahommedanism are extremely ignorant of their own faith, and what little religious fanaticism exists is chiefly confined to the Fula . Large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of the Hausa start every See also:

• YEAR

year on the See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage to Mecca, travelling sometimes across the See also:

• SAHARA

Sahara See also:

• DESERT

desert and by way of Tripoli and See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria, sometimes by way of See also:

• WADAI

Wadai, See also:

• DARFUR

Darfur, See also:

• KHARTUM

Khartum and See also:

• SUAKIN, or SAWAKIN

Suakin .

The See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey often occupies five or six years, and is undertaken quite as much from trading as from religious motives . Mahommedanism is making very slow, if any, progress amongst the Hausa . The greatest obstacle to its general See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance is the institution of the See also:

• RAMADAN

Ramadan fast . In a See also:

• CLIMATE

climate so hot as that of Hausaland, the See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation to abstain from See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food and drink from sunrise to sunset during one See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month in the year is a serious difficulty . Until the last See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade of the 19th century no important See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt had been made to introduce See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity, but the fact that the Hausa are fond of See also:

• READING

reading, and that native See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools exist in all parts of the country, should greatly facilitate the work of See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian missionaries .