See also:

• HAVANA (the name is of aboriginal origin; Span. Habana or, more fully, San Cristobal de la Habana)

HAVANA (the name is of aboriginal origin; Span. Habana or, more fully, See also:

• SAN

San Cristobal de la Habana)  , the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of See also:

• CUBA (the aboriginal name)

Cuba, the largest See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Indies, and one of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal seats of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce in the New See also:

• WORLD

World, situated on the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island in 23° 9' N. See also:

• LAT

lat. and 82° 22' W. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . Pop . (1899), 235,981; (1907), 207,15g . The city occupies a See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula to the W. of the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, between its See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters and those of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . Several small streams, of which the Almendares See also:

• RIVER

river is the largest, empty into the harbour . The pouch-shaped, See also:

• LAND

land-locked See also:

• BAY

bay is spacious and easy of See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access . Large merchantmen and men-of-See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war can come up and unload along at least a consider-able See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• WATER

water-front . The entrance, which is encumbered by neither See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar nor See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, averages about 26o yds. in width and is about 1400 yds. long . Within, the bay breaks up into three distinct arms, Marimalena or See also:

• REGLA

Regla Bay, See also:

• GUANABACOA (an Indian name meaning " site of the waters ")

Guanabacoa Bay and the Bay of Atares . On the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand of the entrance stands the lofty lighthouse See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower of the Morro . The sewage of the city and other impurities were for centuries allowed to pollute the bay, but the extent to which the harbour was thereby filled up has been exaggerated . Though certainly very much smaller than it once was, there is a difference of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion as to whether the harbour has grown smaller since the end of the r8th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century .

From the sea the city presents a picturesque See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance.The See also:

• HAVANA (the name is of aboriginal origin; Span. Habana or, more fully, San Cristobal de la Habana)

Havana See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the bay has a sea-See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall and an excellent drive . The city walls, begun in 1671 and completed about 1740, were almost entirely demolished between 1863 and 188o, only a few insignificant remnants having survived the See also:

• AMERICAN

American military occupation of 1899-1902; but it is still usual to speak of the " intramural " and the " extramural " city . The former, the old city, lying See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the harbour front, has streets as narrow as is consistent with See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic . Obispo (Pi y Margall in the new republican nomenclature), O'Reilly and See also:

• SAN

San Rafael are the finest See also:

• RETAIL

retail business streets, and the Prado and the Cerro the handsomest residential streets in the city proper . The new city, including the suburbs to the W. overlooking the sea, has been laid out on a somewhat more spacious See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan, with isolated dwellings and wide thoroughfares, some planted with trees . Most of the houses, and especially those of the planter See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy, are massively built of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, with large grated windows, See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat See also:

• ROOFS

roofs with heavy parapets and inner courts . As the erection of wooden buildings was illegal long after 1772, it is only in the suburban districts that they are to be seen . The See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone which underlies almost all the island affords excellent See also:

• BUILDING

building stone . The poorer houses are built of See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick with See also:

• PLASTER

plaster fronts . Three-fourths of all the buildings of the city are of one very high See also:

• STOREY (equivalents are Fr. etage, Ital. piano, Ger. Stock)

storey; there are but a few dozen buildings as high as four storeys . Under See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• RULE

rule, Havana was reputed to be a city of noises and smells . There was no satisfactory cleaning of the streets or draining of the sub-See also:

• SOIL

soil, and the harbour was rendered visibly foul by the impurities of the See also:

• TOWN

town .

A revolution was worked in this respect during the See also:

• UNITED

United States military occupation of the city, and the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic continued the See also:

• WORK

work . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general characteristics of the climate of Havana are described in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article CUBA . A temperature as See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low as 40° F. is extraordinary; and freezing point is only reached on extremely rare occasions, such as during hurricanes or electric storms . The mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature is about 25.7° C . (78° F.); that of the hottest See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month is about 28.8° C . (84° F.), and that of the coldest, 21 ° C . (70° F.) . The means of the four seasons are approximately—for See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December, See also:

• JANUARY

January, See also:

• FEBRUARY

February and successive quarters—23°, 27°, 28° and 26 C . (73.4°, 80.6°, 82.4° and 78.8° F.) . The mean relative humidity is between 75 and 8o for all seasons See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring, when it is least and may be from 65 upward . A difference of 30° C . (54° F.) at See also:

• MID

mid-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day in the temperature of two spots close together, one in See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun and one in shade, is not unusual .

The daily variation of temperature is also considerable . The depressing effect of the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat and humidity is greatly relieved by afternoon breezes from the sea, and the nights are invariably comfortable and generally cool . Defences.—The principal defences of Havana under Spanish rule, when the city was maintained as a military stronghold of the first See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, were (to use the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original and unabbreviated See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the names) the See also:

• CASTILLO

Castillo de San See also:

• SALVADOR, or SAN SALVADOR (Republica del Salvador)

Salvador de la Punta, to the W. of the harbour entrance; the Castillo de Los Tres Reyes del Morro and San See also:

• CARLOS, DON (1545-1568)
• CARLOS, DON (1788-1855)
• CARLOS, DON (CHARLES MARIA DE LOS DOLORES JUAN ISIDOR.E JOSEPH FRANCIS QUIRIN ANTONY MICHAEL GABRIEL RAPHAEL) (1848—1909)

Carlos de la Cabana, to the E.; the Santo Domingo de Atares, at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the western See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm of the bay, commanding the city and its vicinity; and the Castillo del Principe (1767-1780), situated inland on an See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence to the W . El Morro, as it is popularly called, was first erected in 1590-1640, and La Punta, a much smaller fort, is of the same See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period; both were reconstructed after the evacuation of the city bythe See also:

• ENGLISH

English in 1763, from which See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time also date the castles of Principe, Atares and the Cabana . The Cabana, which alone can accommodate some 6000 men, fronts the bay for a distance of more than 800 yds., and was long supposed, at least by Spaniards, to be the strongest fortress of See also:

• AMERICA

America . Here is the " See also:

• LAUREL

laurel ditch " or " dead-See also:

• LINE

line "—commemorated by a handsome See also:

• BRONZE

bronze See also:

• RELIEF

relief set in the wall of the fortress—where scores of Cuban patriots were shot . To the E. and W. inland are several small forts . The military See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the republic is very small . Churches.—Of the many old churches in the city, the most See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note= worthy is the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral . The original building was abandoned in 1762 . The See also:

• PRESENT

present one, originally the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits, was erected in 1656-1724 . The interior decoration See also:

• DATES

dates largely from the last See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade of the 18th century and the first two decades of the 19th .

In the wall of the See also:

• CHANCEL (through O. Fr. from Lat. plur. cancelli, dim. of cancer, grating, lattice, probably connected with an Indo-European root Kar-, to bend; cf. circus, curve, &c.)

chancel, a medallion and inscription long distinguished the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of See also:

• COLUMBUS
• COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER [in Spanish CRISTOBAL COLON] (c. 1446, or perhaps rather 1451, -15o6)

Columbus, whose remains were removed hither from Santo Domingo in 1796 . In 1898 they were taken to See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . Mention may also he made of the churches of Santo Domingo (begun in 1578), See also:

• SANTA

Santa Catalina (1700), San Agustin 06o8), Santa See also:

• CLARA, SAINT (1194-1253)

Clara (1644), La Merced (1744, with a collection of oil paintings) and San Felipe (1693) . Monasteries and nunneries were very numerous until the suppression of the religious orders in 1842, when many became See also:

• SIMPLE

simple churches . Some of the convents were successful in conserving their See also:

• WEALTH

wealth . The former monastery of the Jesuits, now the Jesuit church of Bolen (1704), at the corner of Luz • and Compostela Streets, is one of the most elegant and richly ornamented in Cuba . Public Buildings.—The See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

Palace, which served as a See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence for the captains-general (luring the Spanish rule, is the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of the city See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government and the residence of the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the republic . It is a large and handsome stone structure (tinted in See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white and yellow), and stands on the site of the original See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish church, facing the Plaza de Armas from the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east . It was erected in 1773–1792 and radically altered in 1835 and 1851 . A large municipal See also:

• GAOL, or JAIL

gaol (1834–1837), capable of receiving Soo inmates, with See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks for a See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment. is a striking See also:

• OBJECT

object on the Prado . The Castillo del Principe now serves as the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state See also:

• PENITENTIARY (med. Lat. poenitentiarius, from poenitentia, penance, poena, punishment, a term used both as adjective and substantive, referring either to the means of repentance or that of punishment. In its ecclesiastical use the word is used as the equi

penitentiary . Among other public buildings are the See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange (El Muelle), the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house (formerly the church of San Francisco; begun about 1575, rebuilt in 1731–1737), and the Maestranza (c .

1723), once the See also:

• NAVY

navy yard and the headquarters of the See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery and now the home of the See also:

• NATIONAL

national library . All these are in the old city . Some of the older structures—notably the church of Santo Domingo and the Maestranza—are built of See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey limestone . In the old city also are the Plaza Vieja, dating from the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 16th century (with the See also:

• MODERN

modern Mercado de Cristina, of 1837—destroyed 1908), the old stronghold La Fuerza, erected by Hernando de See also:

• SOTO, FERDINANDO [FERNANDO, Or HERNANDO] DE (1496?—1542)

Soto in 1538, once the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury of the flotas and galleons, and residence of the See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors, with its old See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch-tower (La Vigia) ; and the Plaza de Armas, with the palace, the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

Senate building, a statue of Fernando VII . (1833), and a commemorative See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel (El Templete, 1828) to See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark the supposed spot where See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass was first said at the establishment of the city . Mention must be made of the large and interesting markets, especially those of See also:

• COLON
• COLON (formerly known as ASPINWALL)

Colon and TacOn . Of the theatres, which until the end of the Spanish period had to compete with the See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull-See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring and the See also:

• COCK, EDWARD (1805-1892)

cock-See also:

• PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)

pit, the most important is the Tacon (now " Nacional ") erected in 1838 . Havana is famous for its promenades, drives and public gardens . On the city's E. harbour front runs the Pasco (See also:

• ALAMEDA

Alameda) de Paula (1772–1775, improved 1844–1845), an embanked drive, continued by the Paseo de Rocali and the Cortina de See also:

• VALDES, JUAN DE (c. 1500-1541)

Valdes, with See also:

• FINE

fine views of the forts and the harbour . On the N., along the sea, beginning at the Punta fortress and See also:

• RUNNING

running W. for several See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles along the sea-wall, is a speedway and See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure-drive, known—from the wall—as the Malecon . Beginning at the Punta fortress—where a See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park was laid out in 1899 in the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of an ugly See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter, with a memorial to the students judicially murdered by the Spanish See also:

• VOLUNTEERS

volunteers in 1871—and running along the line of the former city walls, past the Parque Central, through the Parque de See also:

• ISABEL

Isabel II. and the Parque de la See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India (these two names are now practically abandoned) to the Parque de Colon or Campo de Marte, is the Prado,' a wide and hand-some See also:

• PROMENADE

promenade and drive, shaded with laurels and lined with fine houses and clubs . In 1907 a See also:

• HURRICANE

hurricane destroyed the greater part of the laurels of the Prado and the royal palms of the Parque de Colon .

Central Park is surrounded by hotels, theatres, cafes and clubs, the last including the Centro Asturiano and See also:

• CASINO (diminutive of casa, a house)

Casino Espanol . In the centre is a See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument to Jose See also:

• MARTI, JUAN JOSE (157o?-1604)

Marti (1853–1895), " the apostle of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence," and in an adjoining square is the city's fine monument to the Cuban engineer Francisco de Albear, to whom she owes her water See also:

• SYSTEM

system . From the Parque de Colon the Calle (or Calzada) de la Reina—an See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary business See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street, once a promenade and known as the Alameda (lc Isabel I I.—with its continuations, the Paseo de Carlos III. and Pasco de Tacon, runs westward through the city past the botanical gardens and the Quinta de los See also:

• MOLINOS, MIGUEL DE (c. 1640-1697)

Molinos to the citadel of El Principe (1774-1794) . A statue of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles III. by See also:

• CANOVA, ANTONIO (1757-1822)

Canova (1803), fountains, pavilions and four rows of trees adorn the Paseo de Carlos III . The gardens of Los Molinos, where the captains-general formerly maintained their summer residence, and the ad-joining botanical gardens of the university, contain beautiful avenues of See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm trees . Near El Principe is the Columbus See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery, with a fine gateway, a handsome monument (1888) to the students shot in 1871, and another (1897; 75 ft. high) to the firemen lost in a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire in 1890, besides many smaller memorials . The Calzada de la Infanta is a fine street at the W. end of the new city; the Cerro, in the S.AV., is lined with massive residences, once the homes of Cuban aristocracy . .Suburbs.—In the See also:

• CORAL

coral rock of the coast sea-See also:

• BATHS

baths are excavated, so that bathers may run no See also:

• RISK

risk from sharks . On the S. and W. the city is backed by an See also:

• AMPHITHEATRE (Gr. 441, around, and O&arpov, a place for spectators)

amphitheatre of hills, which are crowned in the W. by the conspicuous fortifications of Castillo del Principe . On the See also:

• LOWER

lower heights near the city See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie Vedado, Jesus del See also:

• MONTE

Monte, Luyano and other healthy suburbs . Chorrera, Puentes Grandes, \larianao (founded 1830; pop . 1907, 9332) and Guanabacoa (with See also:

• MINERAL

mineral springs), are attractive places of resort .

Regla, just across the bay (now part of the municipio), has large business interests . Charities and See also:

• EDUCATION

Education.—Among the numerous charitable institutions the most important See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital is the Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad (Charity and Maternity See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

Asylum), opened in 1794, and containing an See also:

• ORPHAN

orphan asylum, a maternity See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward, a home for vagrants, a lunatic asylum and an infirmary . There is also in the city an immense See also:

• LAZARETTO

lazaretto for lepers . The Centro Asturiano, a See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club with a membership of some ten or fifteen thousand (not limited to Asturians), 1 Renamed Paseo de Marti by the republic, but the name is never used . maintains for the benefit of its members a large and well-managed See also:

• SANATORIUM (a modern Latinism, formed from sanare, to cure, restore to health, sanus, whole, healthy, well; often wrongly spelled sanatarium or sanitarium)

sanatorium in spacious grounds in the midst of the city . Of the See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of the city the most noteworthy is the university (581 See also:

• REGULAR

regular students, 1907), founded in 1728 . Its quarters were in the old See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent of Santo Domingo until 1900, when the American military government prepared better quarters for it in the former Pirotecnica Militar, near El Principe . There arc various laboratories in the city . Other schools are the provincial See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute of Secondary Education (490 regular students in 1907; library of 12,863 vols.), a provincial school of arts and trades (opened 1882), a theological See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary, a boys' technical school, a school of See also:

• PAINTING

painting and See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture, a conservatory of See also:

• MUSIC

music, normal school, See also:

• MERCANTILE (or COMMERCIAL) AGENCIES

mercantile school and a military See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy . The Jesuit church (Belen) has a large See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college for boys, laboratories, an See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory, a museum of natural See also:

• HISTORY

history, and an See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical library . Great progress has been made in education, which was extremely backward until after the end of Spanish rule . The Sociedad Economica de Amigos del Pais, established in 1792, has always had considerable See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence .

It has a library of some 42,000 volumes, See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in material for Cuban history . Among other similar organizations are an Academy of Medical, See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical and Natural Sciences (1863); a national library, established in 1901, and having in 1908 about 40,000 volumes, including the finest collection in the world of materials for Cuban history; an anthropological society; various medical See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies; and a Bar association . An association of See also:

• SUGAR

sugar planters is a very important See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in the economic development of the island . Of the See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers of Havana the most notable is the El Diario de la Marina (established in 1838; under its present name, 1844; See also:

• MORNING

morning and evening), which was almost from its See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation an See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• ORGAN

organ of the Spanish government, and generally the mouth-piece of the most See also:

• INTRANSIGENT (adopted from the Fr. intransigeant, taken, through the Spanish intransigente, from the Lat. in, not, and iransigere, to come to an understanding)

intransigent See also:

• PENINSULAR

peninsular opinion in all that concerned the politics of the island . El Ansador Comercial (1868; evening) is devoted almost exclusively to commercial and See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial See also:

• NEWS

news . Of the other newspapers the leading ones in 1909 were La Discusion (1888; evening), La Lucha (1884; evening) and El Mundo (1902; morning) . See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

Trade.—Havana commands the wholesale trade of all the western See also:

• HALF

half of the island, and is the centre of commercial and banking interests . Its See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign trade in the five See also:

• CALENDAR

calendar years 1902–1906 (See also:

• AVERAGE

average imports $57,201,276; exports, $40,563,637) amounted to 68.9 % of the imports and 44.6% of the exports of the island . The average number of vessels entering the See also:

• PORT

port annually in the ten years from 1864 to 1873 was 1981 (771,196 tons), and the average entries in the five years 1902–1906 were 3698 of 3,904,906 See also:

• GROSS

gross tons (coast trade alone, 2162 of 333,795 tons) . In spite of high tariffs and See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WARS

wars, and the competition of See also:

• MATANZAS

Matanzas, See also:

• CARDENAS (San Juan de Dios de Cardenas)

Cardenas, See also:

• CIENFUEGOS (originally FERNANDINA DE JAGUA)
• CIENFUEGOS, NICASIO ALVAREZ DE (1764–1809)

Cienfuegos and other Cuban ports opened to foreign trade in modern times, the commerce of Havana has steadily increased . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief foreign customers are Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and the United States . The two See also:

• STAPLE

staple articles of export are sugar and See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco-wares .

Other exports of importance are See also:

• RUM
• RUM (according to Skeat, a corruption of Malay brum or bram; the adjective " rum," i.e. " queer," being a distinct word, in Gipsy rem)

rum, See also:

• WAX

wax and See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey; and of less See also:

• PRIMARY

primary importance, fruits, fine See also:

• CABINET

cabinet See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods, See also:

• OILS (adopted from the Fr. oile, mod. huile, Lat. oleum, olive oil)

oils and See also:

• STARCH

starch . The leading imports are grains, See also:

• FLOUR

flour, See also:

• LARD (Fr. lard, from Lat. laridum, bacon fat, related to Gr. Naptvos fat, Napos dainty or sweet)

lard and various other foodstuffs, See also:

• COAL

coal, See also:

• LUMBER

lumber, See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum and machinery, all mainly from the United States; wines and See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive oil from Spain; jerked See also:

• BEEF (through O. Fr. boef, mod. boeuf, from Lat. bos, bovis, ox, Gr. f3oiir, which show the ultimate connexion with the Sanskrit go, gaits, ox, and thus with " cow")

beef from See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South America; fabrics and other staples from varied See also:

• SOURCES

sources . See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

Rice is a principal See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people; it was formerly taken from the East Indies, but is now mostly raised in the island . The chief manufacturing See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry of Havana is that of tobacco . Of the See also:

• CIGAR

cigar factories, some of which are in former public and private palaces, more than a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred may be reckoned as of the first class . Besides the making of boxes and barrels and other articles necessarily involved in its sugar and tobacco trade, Havana also, to some extent, builds carriages and small See also:

• SHIPS

ships, and manufactures See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and machinery; but the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation during the Spanish period was always a heavy deterrent on the development of any business requiring great capital . There are See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor manufacturing interests in tanneries, and in the manufacture of sweetmeats, See also:

• MALT (O. Eng., mealt; O. Sax., malt; O. Tent., maltos; Mod. Ger., Malz; Scand., malt; probably derived from the Sanskrit mrdu, soft, thus having reference to the fact that malt is raw grain rendered soft or tender)

malt and distilled liquors, especially rum, besides soaps, candles, starch, perfume, &c . There is one large and See also:

• COMPLETE

complete petroleum refinery (1905) . Havana has frequent See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam-See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat communication with New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, See also:

• BALTIMORE
• BALTIMORE, GEORGE CALVERT, 1ST BARON (C. 1580—1632)

Baltimore, See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia, See also:

• TAMPA

Tampa, See also:

• MOBILE

Mobile, New See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans and other ports of the United States; and about as frequent with several ports in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, Spain and See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . It is the starting-point of a railway system which reaches the six provincial capitals between Pinar del Rio and See also:

• SANTIAGO, or SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Santiago, Cardenas, Cienfuegos and other ports . Telegraphs radiate to all parts of the island; a submarine See also:

• CABLE (from Late Lat. capulum, a halter, from capere, to take hold of)
• CABLE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1844– )

cable to See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

Key West forms part of the line of communication between Colon and New York, and by other cables the island has connexion with various parts of the West Indies and with South America . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population and See also:

• HEALTH

Health.—The population of Havana was reported as 51,307 in 1791; 96,304 in 1811; 94,023 in 1817; 184,508 in 1841 .

In 1899 the American See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census showed 235,981, of whom about 25% were foreign (2o % Spanish); and the census of 1907 showed 297,159 (not including the attached See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country districts) and 302,526 (including these country districts), the last being for the " municipio of Havana . The See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial population is very densely crowded . Owing to this, as well as to the entire lack of proper sanitary customs among the people, the horrible See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of See also:

• SEWERAGE

sewerage and the prevalence of yellow See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever (first brought to Havana, it is thought, in 1761, from See also:

• VERA, AUGUSTO (1813-1885)

Vera Cruz), the reputation of the city as regards health was long very See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad . The See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical extermination of yellow fever during the U.S. military occupation following 1899 was a remarkable achievement . In 1895-1899, owing to the war, there were few non-immune persons in the city, and there was no trouble with the fever, but from the autumn of 1899 a heavy See also:

• IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

immigration from Spain began, and a fever epidemic was raging in 1900 . The American military authorities found that the most extraordinary See also:

• MEASURES

measures for cleansing the city—involving repeated house-to-house inspection, enforced cleanliness, improved drainage and sewerage, the destruction of various public buildings, and thorough cleansing of the streets —although decidedly effective in reducing the general See also:

• DEATH

death-See also:

• RATE

rate of the city (average, 1890-1899, 45.83; 1900, 24.40; 1901, 22.11; 1902, 2063; general death-rate of U.S. soldiers in 1898, 67.94; in 1901-1902, 7.00), apparently did not affect yellow fever at all . In 1900-1901 See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

Major See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter See also:

• REED
• REED, ANDREW (1787-1862)
• REED, ISAAC (1742—1807)
• REED, JOSEPH (1741—1785)
• REED, THOMAS BRACKETT (1839—1902)

Reed (1851-1902), a surgeon in the United States See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, proved by experiments on voluntary human subjects that the. infection was spread by the Stegomyia See also:

• MOSQUITO (Span. mosquito, a gnat, diminutive of mosca, a fly)

mosquito,' and the prevention of the disease was then undertaken by Major See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William C . Gorgas—all patients being screened and mosquitoes practically exterminated.' The number of subsequent deaths from yellow fever has depended solely on the degree to which the necessary yrecautionary measures were taken . The entire administrative system of the island, when a Spanish See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony, was centred at Havana . Under the republic this remains the capital and the residence of the president, the supreme See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress when in session and the chief administrative See also:

• OFFICERS

officers . None of the public services was See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good in the Spanish period, except the water-See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply, which was excellent . The water is derived from the Vento springs, 9 m. from Havana, and is conducted through aqueducts constructed between 1859 and 1894 at a cost of some $5,0oo,000 .

About 40,000,000 gallons are supplied daily . The system is owned by the See also:

• MUNICIPALITY

municipality . The older Fernando VII. See also:

• AQUEDUCT (Lat. aqua, water, and ducere, to lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)

aqueduct (1831-1835) is still usable in See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of need; its supply was the Almcndares river (until long after the construction of this, a still older aqueduct, opened at the end of the 16th century, was in use) . The sewerage system and conditions of house sanitation were found extremely inadequate when the American army occupied the city in 1899 . Several public buildings were so foul that they were demolished and burned . The improvement since the end of Spanish rule has been steady . History.--Havana, originally founded by Diego Velasquez in 1514 on an unhealthy site near the present Bataban6 (pop. in 1907f 15,435, including attached country districts), on the south coast, was soon removed to its present position, was granted an See also:

• AYUNTAMIENTO

ayuntamiento (town See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council), and shortly came to be considered one of the most important places in the New World . Its commanding position gained it in 1634, by royal See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree, the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of " Llave del Nuevo Mundo y Antemural de See also:

• LAS

las Indias Occidentales" (Key of the New World and See also:

• BULWARK (a word probably of Scandinavian origin, from bol or bole, a tree-trunk, and werk, work, in Ger. Bollwerk, which has also been derived from an old German bolen, to throw, and so a machine for throwing missiles)

Bulwark of the See also:

• NEST

Nest Indies), in reference to which it bears on its coat of arms a symbolic key and representations of the Morro, Punta and Fucrza . In the history of the place in the 16th century few things stand out except the investments by See also:

• BUCCANEERS

buccaneers: in 1537 it was sacked and burned, and in 1555 plundered by See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French buccaneers, and in 1586 it was threatened by See also:

• DRAKE, NATHAN (1766-1836)
• DRAKE, SIR FRANCIS (c. 1545-1595)

Drake . Iu 1589 See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II. of Spain ordered the erection of the Punta and the Morro . In the same See also:

• YEAR

year the residence of the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the island was moved from Santiago de Cuba to Havana . Philip II. granted Havana the title of " See also:

• CIUDAD

ciudad " in 1592 .

Sugar plantations in the environs appeared before the end of the 16th century . The population of the city, probably about 3000 at the beginning of the 17th century, was doubled in the years following 1655 by the coming of Spaniards from See also:

• JAMAICA

Jamaica . In the course of the 17th century the port became the great Dr Carlos See also:

• FINLAY, GEORGE (1799-1875)

Finlay of Havana, arguing from the coincidence between the See also:

• CLIMATIC

climatic See also:

• LIMITATION, STATUTES OF

limitation of yellow fever and the See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical limitation of the mosquito, urged (1881 sqq.) that there was some relation between the disease and the See also:

• INSECT

insect . Reed worked from the observation of Dr H . R . See also:

• CARTER, ELIZABETH (1717-1806)

Carter (U.S . Marine Hospital Service) chat although the See also:

• INCUBATION

incubation of the disease was 5 days, 15 to 20 days had to elapse before the " infection " of the house, and from See also:

• ROSS
• ROSS, ALEXANDER (1699-1784)
• ROSS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1841- )
• ROSS, JOHN, or KOOESKOOWE (179o-1866)
• ROSS, ROBERT (1766-1814)
• ROSS, SIR HEW DALRYMPLE (1779-1868)
• ROSS, SIR JAMES CLARK (1800-1862)
• ROSS, SIR JOHN (1777-1856)

Ross's demonstration of the part played in See also:

• MALARIA

malaria by the Anopheles . See H . A . See also:

• KELLY, EDWARD (1854–188o)
• KELLY, HUGH (1739–1777)
• KELLY, MICHAEL (1762–1826)
• KELLY, SIR FITZROY (1796–1880)

Kelly, Walter Reed and Yellow Fever (New York, 1907) . z Fhe average number of deaths from yellow fever annually from 1885 (when reliable See also:

• REGISTRATION

registration began) to 1898 was 455; maximum 1282 in 1896 (supposed average for 4 years, 1856-1859, being 1489.8 and for 7 years, 1873-1879, 1395.1), minimum 136, in 1898; average deaths of military, 1885-1898, 278.4 (in 1896-1897 constituting 1966 out of a See also:

• TOTAL

total of 2140) ; deaths of American soldiers, 1809-1900, 18 out of 431.See also:

• RENDEZVOUS

rendezvous for the royal See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant and treasure fleets that monopolized trade with America, and the commercial centre of the Spanish-American possessions . It was blockaded four times by the Dutch (who were continually molesting the treasure fleets) in the first half of the 17th century .

In 1671 the city walls were begun; they were completed in 1702 . The See also:

• EUROPEAN

European wars of the 17th and 18th centuries were marked by various incidents in See also:

• LOCAL

local history . After the end of the Spanish War of See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

Succession (1713) came a period of See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative prosperity in slave-trading and general commerce . The creation in 1740 of a monopolistic trading-See also:

• COMPANY

company was an event of importance in the history of the island . English squadrons threatened the city several times in the first half of the 18th century, but it was not until 1762 than an investment, made by See also:

• ADMIRAL

Admiral See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• POCOCK, SIR GEORGE (1706-1792)

Pocock and the See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• ALBEMARLE, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Albemarle, was successful . The See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege lasted from See also:

• JUNE

June to See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August and was attended by heavy loss to both besiegers and besieged . The See also:

• BRITISH

British commanders wrung great sums from the church and the city as See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize of war and See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price of good See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order . By the treaty of the loth of February 1763, at the close of the Seven Years' War, Havana was restored to Spain in exchange for the Floridas . The English turned over the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the city on the 6th of See also:

• JULY

July . Their occupation greatly stimulated commerce, and from it dates the modern history of the city and of the island (see CUBA) . The See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual removal of obstacles from the commerce of the island from 1766 to I818 particularly benefited Havana . At the end of the 18th century the city was one of the seven or eight great commercial centres of the world, and in the first quarter of the 19th century was a See also:

• RIVAL

rival in population and in trade of Rio Janeiro, Buenos Aires and New York .

In 1789 a bishopric was created at Havana See also:

• SUFFRAGAN (Med. Lat. suffraganeus suffragator, one who assists, from suffragari, to vote in favour of, to support)

suffragan to the archbishopric at Santiago . From the end of the 18th century Havana, as the centre of government, was the centre of See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement and See also:

• INTEREST

interest . During the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of See also:

• MIGUEL, MARIA EVARIST (1802–1866)

Miguel TacOn Havana was improved by many important public See also:

• WORKS

works; his name is frequent in the nomenclature of the city . The railway from Havana to See also:

• GUINES

Guines was built between 1835 and 1838 . Fifty Americans under Lieut . See also:

• CRITTENDEN, JOHN JORDAN (1787-1863)

Crittenden, members of the See also:

• BAHIA

Bahia Honda filibustering expedition of Narciso See also:

• LOPEZ, CARLOS ANTONIO (1790-1862)

Lopez, were shot at Fort Atares in 1851 . Like the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of Cuba, Havana has frequently suffered severely from hurricanes, the most violent being those of 1768 (St See also:

• THERESA, ST (1515-1582)

Theresa's), 1810 and 1846 . The destruction of the U.S. See also:

• BATTLE

battle-See also:

• SHIP

ship " See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine " in the harbour of Havana on the 15th of February 1898 was an influential factor in causing the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, and during the war the city was blockaded by a United States See also:

• FLEET

fleet . See J. de la Pezuela, Diccionario de la See also:

• ISLA, JOSE FRANCISCO DE (1703-1781)

Isla de Cuba, vol. iii . (See also:

• MADRID

Madrid, 1863), for See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute details of history, administration and economic conditions down to 1862; J . M. de la Torre, Lo que fuimos y lo que somos, o la Habana See also:

• ANTIGUA

antigua y moderna (Habana, 1857); P . J .

Guit6ras, Historia de la conquista de la Habana 1762 (Philadelphia, 1856); J. de la Pezuela, Sitio y rendition de la Habana en 1762 (Madrid, 1859); A . Bachiller y Morales, Monografia historica (Habana, 1883), minutely covering the English occupation (the best See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account) of 1762-1763; Maria de los Mercedes, comtesse de See also:

• MERLIN, ANTOINE CHRISTOPHE (1762-1833)
• MERLIN, PHILIPPE ANTOINE, COUNT (1754-1838)

Merlin, La Havana (3 vols., See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1844) ; and the works cited under CUBA .