HAWKERS  and PEDLARS, the designation of itinerant dealers who convey their goods from See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to place to sell . The. word " See also:

• HAWKER, ROBERT STEPHEN (1803–1874)

hawker " seems to have come into See also:

• ENGLISH

English from the Ger . Iloker or Dutch heuker in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early 1Eth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . In an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of 1533 (25 See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VIII. c . 9, § 6) we find " Sundry evill disposed persons which commonly beene called haukers . . . buying and selling of Brasse and See also:

• PEWTER

Pewter." The earlier word for -um an itinerant dealer is " See also:

• HUCKSTER

huckster," which is found in T200 . " For that they have turned See also:

• GOD

God's See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house intill hucksteress bothe " (Ormulurn, 15,817) . The See also:

• BASE

base of the two words is the same, and is probably to be referred to See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German hocken, to squat, crouch; cf . " hucklebone." the See also:

• HIP

hip-See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone; and the hawkers or hucksters were so called either because they stooped under their packs, or squatted at booths in markets, &c . Another derivation finds the origin in the Dutch hock, a hole, corner . It may be noticed that the termination of " huckster " is feminine; though there are examples of its application to See also:

• WOMEN

women it was always applied indiscriminately to either See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex . " Pedlar " occurs much earlier than the verbal See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form " to peddle," which is therefore a derivative from the substantive .

The origin is to be found in the still older word "pedder," one who carries about goods for See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale in a " ped," a See also:

• BASKET

basket or hamper . This is now only used dialectically and in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland . In the .Incren Rile (c . 1225), peoddare is found with the meaning of pedlar." though the Promptorium parvulorum (c . 1440) defines it as culathdsins, i.e. a maker of panniers or baskets . The See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• TERM

term for a hawker or pedlar of books, colporteur (See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

col, See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck, See also:

• PORTER
• PORTER, BENJAMIN CURTIS (1843– )
• PORTER, DAVID (1780-1843)
• PORTER, DAVID DIXON (1813-1891)
• PORTER, ENDYMION (1587–1649)
• PORTER, HENRY (ft. 1596-1599)
• PORTER, HORACE (1837– )
• PORTER, JANE (1776–1850)
• PORTER, MARY (d. 1765)
• PORTER, NOAH (1811–1892)

porter, to carry), has been adopted by the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible Society and other English religious bodies as a name for itinerant vendors and distributors of Bibles and other religious literature . The occupation of hawkers and pedlars has been regulated in the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom, and the two classes have also been technically distinguished . The Pedlars Act 1871 defines a pedlar as " any hawker, pedlar, See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty See also:

• CHAPMAN (from O. Eng. ceap, and Mid. Eng. ,heap, to barter, cf. " Cheapside " in London, and Ger. Kaufmann)
• CHAPMAN, GEORGE (? 1559–1634)

chapman, See also:

• TINKER

tinker, caster of metals, mender of chairs, or other See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person who, without any See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse or other beast bearing or See also:

• DRAWING

drawing See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden, travels and trades on See also:

• FOOT

foot and goes from See also:

• TOWN

town to town or to other men's houses, carrying to sell or exposing for sale any goods, wares or merchandise . . . or selling or offering for sale his skill in handicraft." Any person who acts as a pedlar must have a certificate, which is to be obtained from the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief officer of See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police of the police See also:

• DISTRICT

district. in which the person applying for the certificate has resided during one See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month previous to his application . He must satisfy the officer that he is above seventeen years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, is of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, and in good faith intends to carry on the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of a pedlar . The See also:

• FEE

fee for a pedlar's certificate is five shillings, and the certificate remains in force for a See also:

• YEAR

year from the date of issue . The act requires a See also:

• REGISTER

register of certificates to be kept in each district, and imposes a See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty for the assigning, borrowing or See also:

• FORGING

forging of any certificate .

It does not exempt any one from vagrant See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, and requires the pedlar to show his certificate on demand to certain persons . It empowers the police to inspect a pedlar's See also:

• PACK (apparently from the root pak-, paq-, seen in Lat. pangere, to fasten; cf. " compact ")
• PACK, OTTO VON (c. 1480-1537)

pack, and provides for the See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest of an uncertificated pedlar or one refusing to show his certificate . A pedlar's certificate is not required by commercial travellers, sellers of vegetables, See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit or victuals, or sellers in fairs . The Hawkers Act 1888 defines a hawker as " any one who travels with a horse or other beast of burden, selling goods," &c . An See also:

• EXCISE (derived through the Dutch, excijs or accijs, possibly from Late Lat. accensare,—ad, to, and census, tax; the word owes something to a confusion with excisum, cut out)

excise See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence (expiring on the 31st of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March in each year) must be taken out by every hawker in the United Kingdom . The See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty imposed upon such licence is See also:

• F2(X2+Y2)

f2 . A hawker's licence is not granted, otherwise than by way of licence, except on See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of a certificate signed by a clergyman and two householders of the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish or place wherein the applicant resides, or by a See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice of the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county or place, or a See also:

• SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent or inspector of police for the district, attesting that the person is of good character and a proper person to be licenced as a hawker . There are certain exemptions from taking out a licence—commercial travellers, sellers of fish, See also:

• COAL

coal, &c., sellers in fairs, and the real worker or maker of any goods . The act also See also:

• LAYS

lays down certain provisions to be observed by hawkers and others, and imposes penalties for infringements . In the United States hawkers and pedlars must take out licences under See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State See also:

• LAWS

laws and Federal laws .