See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

BARON See also:

• EDWARD

EDWARD See also:

• HAWKE
• BARON EDWARD HAWKE HAWKE (1705-1781)

HAWKE HAWKE (1705-1781)  , See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• ADMIRAL

admiral, was the only son of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• HAWKE
• HAWKE, EDWARD HAWKE, BARON (1705-1781)

Hawke, a See also:

• BARRISTER

barrister . On his See also:

• MOTHER

mother's See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side he was the See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew of See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin Bladen (168o-1746), a politician of some See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note, and was connected with the See also:

• FAMILY

family of See also:

• FAIRFAX, EDWARD (c. 1580-1635)

Fairfax . Edward Hawke entered the See also:

• NAVY

navy on the 20th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1720 and served the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time required to qualify him to hold a See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant's See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICAN

American and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• INDIAN

Indian stations . Though he passed his examination on the 2nd of See also:

• JUNE

June 1725, he was not appointed to a See also:

• SHIP

ship to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act in that See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank till 1729, when he was named third lieutenant of the " See also:

• PORTLAND
• PORTLAND, EARL OF
• PORTLAND, ISLE OF
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM BENTINCK, EARL
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM HENRY CAVENDISH BENTINCK

Portland " in the Channel . The continuance of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace allowed him no opportunities of distinction, but he was fortunate in obtaining promotion as See also:

• COMMANDER

commander of the " See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

Wolf " See also:

• SLOOP

sloop in 1733, and as See also:

• POST

post See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain of the " Flamborough " (20) in 1734 . When See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war began with See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain in 1739, he served as captain of the " Portland " (50) in the West Indies . His ship was old and rotten . She nearly drowned her captain and See also:

• CREW (sometimes explained as a sea term of Scandinavian origin, cf. O. Icel. kris, a swarm or crowd, but now regarded as a shortened form of accrue, accrewe, used in the 16th century in the sense of a reinforcement, O. Fr. acreue, from accrofire, to grow,
• CREW, NATHANIEL CREW, 3RD BARON (1633–1721)

crew, and was broken up after she was paid off in 1742 . In the following See also:

• YEAR

year Hawke was appointed to the " See also:

• BERWICK, JAMES FITZJAMES

Berwick " (70), a See also:

• FINE

fine new See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel, and was attached to the Mediterranean See also:

• FLEET

fleet then under the command of See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• MATHEWS, CHARLES (1776-1835)
• MATHEWS, THOMAS (1676-1751)

Mathews . The " Berwick " was manned badly, and suffered severely from sickness, but in the See also:

• ILL

ill-managed See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• TOULON

Toulon on the 11th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1744 Hawke gained See also:

• GREAT

great distinction by the spirit with which he fought his ship . The only See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize taken by the British fleet, the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish " Poder " (74), surrendered to him, and though she was not kept by the admiral, Hawke was not in any degree to blame for the loss of the only See also:

• TROPHY (Gr. Tpo7rauov, from TpE7rw, put to flight; Lat. tropaeum)

trophy of the fight . His gallantry attracted the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king .

There is a See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story that he was dismissed the service for having See also:

• LEFT

left the See also:

• LINE

line to engage the " Poder," and was restored by the king's See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order . The See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew not unnaturally out of the confusing See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of courts See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial which arose out of the battle, but it has no See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation . There is better See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to believe that when at a later See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period the See also:

• ADMIRALTY, HIGH COURT OF

Admiralty intended to pass over Hawke's name in a promotion of admirals, the king, See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George II., did insist that he should not be put on the retired See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list . He had no further See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of making his See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy and ability known out of the ranks of his own profession, where they were fully realized, till 1747 . In See also:

• JULY

July of that year he attained See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag rank, and was named second in command of the Channel fleet . Owing to the ill See also:

• HEALTH

health of his See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior he was sent in command of the fourteen See also:

• SHIPS

ships detached to intercept a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• CONVOY

convoy on its way to the West Indies . On the 14th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1747 he See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell in with it in the See also:

• BAY

Bay of See also:

• BISCAY (Vizcaya)
• BISCAY, BAY OF (Fr. Golfe de Gascogne; Sp. Golfo de Vizcaya)

Biscay . The French force, under M . Desherbiers de l'f tenduere, consisted of nine ships, which were, how-ever, on the See also:

• AVERAGE

average larger than Hawke's . He attacked at once . The French admiral sent one of his liners to escort the See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant ships on their way to the West Indies, and with the other eight fought a very gallant See also:

• ACTION

action with the British See also:

• SQUADRON

squadron . Six of the eight French ships were taken .

The French admiral did for a time succeed in saving the trading vessels under his See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge, but most of them fell into the hands of the British cruisers in the West Indies . Hawke was made a See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight of the See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

Bath for this timely piece of service, a See also:

• REWARD

reward which cannot be said to have been lavish . In 1747 Hawke had been elected M.P. for See also:

• PORTSMOUTH
• PORTSMOUTH, EARLS OF
• PORTSMOUTH, LOUISE DE

Portsmouth, which he continued to represent for See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years, though he can seldom have been in his See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, and it does not appear that he often spoke . A seat in See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament was always valuable to a See also:

• NAVAL

naval officer at that time, since it enabled him to be useful to ministers, and increased his chances of obtaining employment . Hawke had married a See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady of See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune in See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire, See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine See also:

• BROOK

Brook, in 1737, and was able to meet the expenses entailed by a seat in parliament, which were considerable at a time when votes were openly paid for by See also:

• MONEY

money down . In the See also:

• INTERVAL

interval between the war of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• SPARROW (0. Eng. spearwa; Icel. sporr; O.H.G. Sparo)

Sparrow-See also:

• HAWK (O. Eng. hafoc or heafoc, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch havik, Ger. Habicht; the root is hab-, haf-, to hold, cf. Lat. accipiter, from capere)

Hawk (Male and See also:

• FEMALE

Female) . itself, and gliding upon it when it appears to be unwary with a rapid swoop, clutching it in their talons, and bearing it away to eat it in some convenient spot . Systematic ornithologists differ as to the See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups into which the numerous forms known as See also:

• HAWKS, FRANCIS LISTER (1798-1866)

hawks should be divided . There is at the outset a difference of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion as to the scientific name which the largest and best known of these groups should See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear—some authors terming it See also:

• NISUS

Nisus, and others, who seem to have the most See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice on their side, Accipiter . In See also:

• EUROPE

Europe there are two See also:

• SPECIES

species—first, A. nisus, the See also:

• COMMON

common sparrow-hawk, which has a wide See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution from See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland to See also:

• JAPAN

Japan, extending also to See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt and See also:

• ALGERIA
• ALGERIA (Algerie)

Algeria, and secondly, A. brevipes (by some placed in the See also:

• GROUP

group Iicranisus and by others called an .1 slur), which only appears in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and the adjoining parts of See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor and See also:

• PERSIA

Persia . In North See also:

• AMERICA

America the place of the former is taken by two very distinct species, a small one, A. fun-us, usually known in See also:

• CANADA

Canada and the See also:

• UNITED

United States as the See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp-shinned hawk, and See also:

• STANLEY (FAMILY)
• STANLEY, ARTHUR PENRHYN (18x5–1881)
• STANLEY, EDWARD (1779-1849)
• STANLEY, SIR HENRY MORTON (184o-1904)
• STANLEY, SIR WILLIAM (1548-163o)
• STANLEY, THOMAS (1625-1678)

Stanley's or See also:

• COOPER
• COOPER (or COUPER), THOMAS (c. 1517-1594)
• COOPER, ABRAHAM (1787—1868)
• COOPER, ALEXANDER (d. i66o)
• COOPER, CHARLES HENRY (18o8-1866)
• COOPER, JAMES FENIMORE (1789-1851)
• COOPER, PETER (1791-1883)
• COOPER, SAMUEL (1609-1672)
• COOPER, SIR ASTLEY PASTON (1768-1841)
• COOPER, THOMAS (1759–1840)
• COOPER, THOMAS (1805–1892)
• COOPER, THOMAS SIDNEY (1803–1902)

Cooper's hawk, A. cooperi (by some placed in another genus, Cooperastur), which is larger and has not so northerly a range . In South America there are four or five more, including A. tinus, before mentioned as the smallest of all, while a species not much larger, A. minullus, together with several others of greater See also:

• SIZE

size, inhabits South See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa .

See also:

• MADAGASCAR

Madagascar and its neighbouring islands have three or four species sufficiently distinct, and India has A. badlus . A See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good many more forms are found in south-eastern Asia, in the Indo-See also:

• MALAY

Malay See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

Archipelago, and in See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia three or four species, of which A. cirrlaoceplaalus most nearly represents the sparrow-hawk of Europe and northern Asia, while A. radiatus and A. approxinaans show some See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity to the gos-hawks (Astur) In one See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, Nisoides, which on that See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account has been generically separated, they are said to be perfectly straight . the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

Succession and the Seven Years' War, Hawke was almost always on active service . From 1748 till 1752 he was in command at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, and he rehoisted his flag in 1755 as admiral in command of the Western Squadron . Although war was not declared for some time, See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France were on very hostile terms, and conflicts between the See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of the two See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers in America had already taken place . Neither See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government was scrupulous in abstaining from the use of force while peace was still nominally unbroken . Hawke was sent to See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea to intercept a French squadron which ad been cruising near See also:

• GIBRALTAR

Gibraltar, but a restriction was put on the limits within which he might cruise, and he failed to meet the French . The fleet was much weakened by ill-health . In June 1756 the See also:

• NEWS

news of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Byng's See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat from See also:

• MINORCA(Menorca)

Minorca reached England and aroused the utmost indignation . Hawke was at once sent out to relieve him in the Mediterranean command, and to send him home for trial . He sailed in the See also:

• ANTELOPE

Antelope," carrying, as the wits of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day put it, "a See also:

• CARGO (Span. for " loading," from Lat. carries, car)

cargo of courage " to See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply deficiencies in that respect among the officers then in the Mediterranean . Minorca had fallen, from want of resources rather than the attacks of the French, before he could do anything for the assistance of the See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison of Fort St See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip .

In See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter he was recalled to England, and he reached home on the 14th of January 1757 . On the 24th of February following he was promoted full admiral . It is said, but on no very good authority, that he was not on good terms with See also:

• PITT, THOMAS (1653-1726)
• PITT, WILLIAM (1759-1806)

Pitt (afterwards See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• CHATHAM
• CHATHAM, WILLIAM PITT

Chatham), and it is certain that when Pitt's great See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry was formed in June 17J7, he was not included in the See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board of Admiralty . Yet as he was continued in command of important forces in the Channel, it is obvious that his great capacity was fully recognized . In the See also:

• LATE

late summer of 1757 he was entrusted with the naval side of an expedition to the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of France . These operations, which were scoffingly described at the time as breaking windows with guineas, were a favourite See also:

• DEVICE

device of Pitt's for weakening the French and raising the confidence of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . The expedition of 1757 was directed against See also:

• ROCHEFORT
• ROCHEFORT, HENRI, MARQUIS DE

Rochefort, and it effected nothing . Hawke, who probably expected very little good from it, did his own See also:

• WORK

work as admiral punctually, but he cannot be said to have shown zeal, or any wish to inspirit the military officers into making greater efforts than they were disposed naturally to make . The expedition returned to See also:

• SPIT

Spit-See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head by the 6th of October . No See also:

• PART

part of the disappointment of the public, which was acute, was visited on Hawke . During the end of 1757 and the beginning of 1758 he continued cruising in the Channel in See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search of the French naval forces, without any striking success . In May of that year he was ordered to detach a squadron under the command of See also:

• HOWE
• HOWE, EIJAS (1819 — 1867)
• HOWE, JOHN (1630-17o6)
• HOWE, JOSEPH (1804–1873)
• HOWE, JULIA WARD (1819–1910)
• HOWE, RICHARD HOWE, EARL (1726-1799)
• HOWE, SAMUEL GRIDLEY (1801-1876)
• HOWE, WILLIAM HOWE, 5TH VISCOUNT (1729-1814)

Howe to carry out further combined operations .

Hawke considered himself as treated with a want of due respect, and was at the time in See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour with the Admiralty . He somewhat pettishly threw up his command, but was induced to resume it by the board, which knew his value, and was not wanting in flattery . He re-tired in June for a time on the ground of health, but happily for his own See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory and the service of the country he was able to hoist his flag in May 17 J9, the " wonderful year " of See also:

• GARRICK, DAVID (1717-1779)

Garrick's See also:

• SONG

song . France was then elaborating a See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of invasion which bears much resemblance to the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan afterwards formed by See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon . An See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of invasion was collected at the See also:

• MORBIHAN

Morbihan in See also:

• BRITTANY

Brittany, and the intention was to transport it under the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of a powerful fleet which was to be made up by uniting the squadron at See also:

• BREST

Brest with the ships at Toulon . The plan, like Napoleon's, had slight chance of success, since the naval part of the invading force must necessarily be brought together from distant points at the See also:

• RISK

risk of interruption by the British squadrons . The naval forces of England were amply sufficient to provide what-ever was needed to upset the plans of the French government . But the country was not so confident in the capacity of the navy to serve as a See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence as it was taught to be in later generations . It had been seized by a most shameful panic at the beginning of the war in See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• THREAT

threat of invasion . There-fore the anxiety of Pitt to baffle the schemes of the French See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

BARON decisively was great, and the country looked on at the develop ment of the naval See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign with See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous attention . The proposed See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of the French fleet was defeated by the annihilation of the Toulon squadron on the coast of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal by See also:

• BOSCAWEN, EDWARD (1711-1761)

Boscawen in May, but the Brest fleet was still untouched and the troops were still at Morbihan . It was the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of Hawke to prevent attack from this See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter .

The manner in which he discharged his task marks an See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the navy . Until his time, or very nearly so, it was still believed that there was rashness in keeping the great ships out after See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September . Hawke maintained his See also:

• BLOCKADE
• BLOCKADE (Fr. blocus, Ger. Blokade)

blockade of Brest till far into See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November . See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Long cruises had always entailed much bad health on the crews, but by the care he took to obtain fresh See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food, and the energy he showed in pressing the Admiralty for stores, he was able to keep his men healthy . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early in November a series of severe See also:

• GALES (mod. Calvi)

gales forced him off the French coast, and he was compelled to See also:

• ANCHOR (from the Greek ayrcvpa, which Vossius considers is from 6yi17 , a crook or hook)

anchor in Torbay . His See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence was brief, but it allowed the French admiral, M. de Conflans (169o?-1777), time to put to sea, and to See also:

• STEER, PAUL WILSON (186o– )

steer for the Morbihan . Hawke, who had left Torbay on the 13th of November, learnt of the departure of the French at sea on the 17th from a look-out ship, and as the French admiral could have done nothing but steer for the Morbihan, he followed him thither . The news that M. de Conflans had got to sea spread a panic through the country, and for some days Hawke was the See also:

• OBJECT

object of abuse of the most irrational See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind . There was in fact no danger, for behind Hawke's fleet there were ample reserves in the straits of See also:

• DOVER
• DOVER, GEORGE JAMES WELBORE
• DOVER, HENRY JERMYN, EARL OF (c. 1636-1708)
• DOVER, ROBERT (1575-1641)

Dover, and in the North Sea . Following his enemy as fast as the bad See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather, a mixture of calms and head winds would allow, the admiral sighted the French about 40 M. to the west of Belleisle on the See also:

• MORNING

morning of the loth of November . The British fleet was of twenty-one See also:

• SAIL

sail, the French of twenty . There was also a small squadron of British ships engaged in watching the Morbihan as an inshore squadron, which was in danger of being cut off .

M. de Conflans had a sufficient force to fight in the open sea without rashness, but after making a See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion to give battle, he changed his mind and gave the See also:

• SIGNAL

signal to his fleet to steer for the anchorage at See also:

• QUIBERON, CAMPAIGN AND BATTLE OF

Quiberon . He did not believe that the British admiral would dare to follow him, for the coast is one of the most dangerous in the See also:

• WORLD

world, and the See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind was blowing hard from the west and rising to a See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm . Hawke, however, pursued without hesitation, though it was well on in the afternoon before he caught up the See also:

• REAR

rear of the French fleet, and dark by the time the two fleets were in the bay . The action, which was more a test of See also:

• SEAMANSHIP

seamanship than of gunnery, or capacity to manoeuvre in order, ended in the destruction of the French . Five ships only were taken or destroyed, but others ran ashore, and the French navy as a whole lost all confidence . Two British vessels were lost, but the See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price was little to pay for such a victory . No more fighting remained to be done . The fleet in Quiberon Bay suffered from want of food, and its See also:

• DISTRESS

distress is recorded in the lines: " Ere Hawke did See also:

• BANG, HERMANN JOACHIM (1858– )

bang Mounseer Corfflang You sent us See also:

• BEEF (through O. Fr. boef, mod. boeuf, from Lat. bos, bovis, ox, Gr. f3oiir, which show the ultimate connexion with the Sanskrit go, gaits, ox, and thus with " cow")

beef and See also:

• BEER

beer; Now Mounseer's See also:

• BEAT (a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages; it is connected with the similar Romanic words derived from the Late Lat. battere)

beat We've nought to eat, Since you have nought to fear." Hawke returned to England in January 1760 and had no further service at sea . He was not made a peer till the loth of May 1776, and then only as Baron Hawke of See also:

• TOWTON

Towton . From 1776 to 1771 he was first See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of the Admiralty . His See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration was much criticized, perhaps more from party spirit than because of its real defects . Whatever his relations with Lord Chatham may have been he was no favourite with Chatham's partizans .

It is very credible that, having spent all his See also:

• LIFE

life at sea, his See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty did not show in the uncongenial life of the See also:

• SHORE

shore . As an admiral at sea and on his own See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element Hawke has had no superior . It is true that he was not put to the test of having to meet opponents of equal strength and efficiency, but then neither has any other British admiral since the Dutch See also:

• WARS

wars of the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . On his See also:

• DEATH

death on the 17th of October 1781 his See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title passed to his son, Martin Bladen (1744-1805), and it is still held by his descendants, the 7th Baron (b . 186o) being best known as a great Yorkshire cricketer . There is a portrait of Hawke in the Painted See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall at See also:

• GREENWICH

Greenwich . His Life by See also:

• MONTAGU (Family)
• MONTAGU (or MOUNTAGUE), RICHARD (1577-1641)
• MONTAGU, ELIZABETH ROBINSON (1720-1800)
• MONTAGU, LADY MARY WORTLEY (1689–1762)
• MONTAGU, RALPH, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1638-1709)

Montagu Burrows (1883) has superseded all other authorities; it is supplemented in a few early particulars by See also:

• SIR

Sir J . K . Laughton's See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in the See also:

• DIET

Diet . Nat . Biog . (1891) .