See also:

• HAWKINS, CAESAR HENRY (1798-1884)
• HAWKINS, or HAWKYNS, SIR JOHN (1532-1595)
• HAWKINS, or HAWKYNS, SIR RICHARD (c. 1562-1622)
• HAWKINS, SIR JOHN (1719-1789)

HAWKINS, or HAWKYNS, See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

JOHN (1532-1595)  , See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• ADMIRAL

admiral, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• PLYMOUTH
• PLYMOUTH, EARLS OF

Plymouth in 1532, and belonged to a See also:

• FAMILY

family of See also:

• DEVONSHIRE (DEvoN)
• DEVONSHIRE, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Devonshire shipowners and skippers—occupations then more closely connected than is now usual . His See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• HAWKINS, CAESAR HENRY (1798-1884)
• HAWKINS, or HAWKYNS, SIR JOHN (1532-1595)
• HAWKINS, or HAWKYNS, SIR RICHARD (c. 1562-1622)
• HAWKINS, SIR JOHN (1719-1789)

Hawkins (d . 1553), was a prosperous See also:

• FREEMAN
• FREEMAN, EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1823-1892)

freeman of Ply-mouth, who thrice represented that See also:

• TOWN

town in See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, and is described by See also:

• HAKLUYT, RICHARD (c. 1553—1616)

Hakluyt as one of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-captains in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west parts of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England; his See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• BROTHER

brother, also called William (d . 1589), was closely associated with him in his See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish expeditions, and took an active See also:

• PART

part in fitting out See also:

• SHIPS

ships to meet the See also:

• ARMADA, THE

Armada; and his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew, the eldest son of the last named and of the same name, sailed with See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• DRAKE, NATHAN (1766-1836)
• DRAKE, SIR FRANCIS (c. 1545-1595)

Drake to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Sea in 1577, and served as See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant under See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• FENTON
• FENTON, EDWARD (d. 1603)
• FENTON, ELIJAH (1683-1730)
• FENTON, LAVINIA (1708-1760)
• FENTON, SIR GEOFFREY (c. 1539-1608)

Fenton (q.v.) in the expedition which started for the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Indies and See also:

• CHINA

China in 1582 . His son, Sir Riches d Hawkins, is separately noticed . Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Hawkins was bred to the sea in the ships of his family . When the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch of Elizabethan maritime See also:

• ADVENTURE (from Lat. res adventura, a thing about to happen)

adventure began, he took an active part by sailing to the See also:

• GUINEA

Guinea See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, where he robbed the Portuguese slavers, and then smuggled the negroes he had captured into the Spanish possessions in the New See also:

• WORLD

World . After a first successful voyage in 1562-1563, two vessels which he had rashly sent to See also:

• SEVILLE
• SEVILLE (Span. Sevilla, Lat. Ispalis or Hispalis, Moorish Ishbiliya)

Seville were confiscated by the Spanish See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . With the help of See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, and the open approval of the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen, who hired one of her vessels to him, he sailed again in 1564, and repeated his voyage with success, trading with the Creoles by force when the officials of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king endeavoured to prevent him . These two voyages brought him reputation, and he was granted a coat of arms with a dcrni-See also:

• MOOR

Moor, or See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro, chained, as his See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest . The rivalry with See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain was nowbecoming very acute, and when Hawkins sailed for the third See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in 1567, he went in fact, though not technically, on a See also:

• NATIONAL

national venture . Again he kidnapped negroes, and forced his goods on the Spanish colonies .

Encouraged by his See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery that these settlements were small and unfortified, he on this occasion ventured to enter See also:

• VERA, AUGUSTO (1813-1885)

Vera Cruz, the See also:

• PORT

port of See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico, after capturing some Spaniards at sea to be held as hostages . He alleged that he had been driven in by See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather . The falsity of the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story was glaring, but the Spanish See also:

• OFFICERS

officers on the spot were too weak to offer resistance . Hawkins was allowed to enter the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, and to refit at the small rocky See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

• SAN

San Juan de Ulloa by which it is formed . Unfortunately for him, and for a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• CORSAIR (through the Fr. from the Med. Lat. cursarius, a pirate; cursus, or cursa, from currere, to run, being Late Latin for a plundering foray)

corsair whom he had in his See also:

• COMPANY

company, a strong Spanish force arrived, bringing the new See also:

• VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy . The Spaniards, who were no more scrupulous of the truth than himself, pretended to accept the arrangement made before their arrival, and then when they thought he was off his guard attacked him on the 24th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September . Only two vessels escaped, his own, the " See also:

• MINION

Minion," and the " See also:

• JUDITH, THE BOOK OF

Judith," a small See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel belonging to his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin Francis Drake . The voyage See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home was miserable, and the sufferings of all were great . For some years Hawkins did not return to the sea, though he continued to be interested in privateering voyages as a capitalist . In the course of 1572 he recovered part of his loss by pretending to betray the queen for a bribe to Spain . He acted with the knowledge of See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Burleigh . In 1573 he became treasurer of the See also:

• NAVY

navy in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to his father-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

Benjamin Gonson .

The See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of See also:

• COMPTROLLER

comptroller was conferred on him soon after, and for the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his See also:

• LIFE

life he remained the principal administrative officer of the navy . Burleigh noted that he was suspected of See also:

• FRAUD (Lat. fraus, deceit)

fraud in his office, but the queen's ships were kept by him in See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition . In 1588 he served as See also:

• REAR

rear-admiral against the Spanish Armada and was knighted . In 1590 he was sent to the coast of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal to intercept the Spanish treasure See also:

• FLEET

fleet, but did not meet it . In giving an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his failure to the queen he quoted the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text " See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul doth plant, See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo doth See also:

• WATER

water, but See also:

• GOD

God giveth the increase," which See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition of piety is said to have provoked the queen into exclaiming, " God's See also:

• DEATH

death ! This See also:

• FOOL (O. Fr. fol, modern fou, foolish, from a Late Latin use of follis, bellows, a ball filled with air, for a stupid person, a jester, a wind-bag)

fool went out a soldier, and has come home a divine." In 1595 he accompanied Drake on another treasure-See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting' voyage to the West Indies, which was even less successful, and he died at sea off See also:

• PORTO

Porto Rico on the 12th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1595 . Hawkins was twice married, first to Katharine Gonson and then to See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret See also:

• VAUGHAN, CHARLES JOHN (1816-1897)
• VAUGHAN, HENRY (1622-1695)
• VAUGHAN, HERBERT (1832-1903)
• VAUGHAN, THOMAS (1622-1666)
• VAUGHAN, WILLIAM (1577-1641)

Vaughan . He was counted a puritan when See also:

• PURITANISM (Lat. puritas, purity)

puritanism meant little beyond hatred of Spain and popery, and when these principles were an ever-ready excuse for voyages in See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search of slaves and See also:

• PLUNDER

plunder . In the course of one of his voyages, when he was becalmed and his negroes were dying, he consoled himself by the reflection that God would not suffer His elect to perish . Contemporary See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence can be produced to show that he was greedy, unscrupulous and See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude . But if he had been a more delicate See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man he would not have risked the gallows by making piratical attacks on the Portuguese and by appearing in the West Indies as an armed smuggler; and in that See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case he would not have played an important part in See also:

• HISTORY

history by setting the example of breaking down the pretension of the Spaniards to exclude all corners from the New World . His morality was that of the See also:

• AVERAGE

average stirring man of his time, whether in England or elsewhere .

See R . A . J . Walling, A Sea-See also:

• DOG

dog of See also:

• DEVON, EARLS OF

Devon (19o7); and See also:

• SOUTHEY, ROBERT (1774-1843)

Southey in his British Admirals, vol. iii . The See also:

• ORIGINAL

original accounts of his voyages compiled by Hakluyt have been reprinted by the Hakluyt Society, with a See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface by Sir C . R . See also:

• MARKHAM, GERVASE (or JERVIS) (1568?-1637)
• MARKHAM, MRS
• MARKHAM, SIR CLEMENTS ROBERT (183o- )
• MARKHAM, WILLIAM (1719-1807)

Markham .