See also:

• HAWTHORN
• HAWTHORN (O. Eng. Naga-, hog-, or hege-thorn, i.e. " hedge-thorn ")

HAWTHORN (O. Eng. Naga-, hog-, or hege-See also:

• THORN (O. Eng. porn, cf. Du. doorn, Ger. Dorn, &c)
• THORN (Polish Torun)

thorn, i.e. " hedge-thorn ")  , the See also:

• COMMON

common name for Crataegus, in See also:

• BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

botany, a genus of shrubs or small trees belonging to the natural See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order See also:

• ROSACEAE

Rosaceae, native of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north temperate regions, especially See also:

• AMERICA

America . It is represented in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Isles by the See also:

• HAWTHORN
• HAWTHORN (O. Eng. Naga-, hog-, or hege-thorn, i.e. " hedge-thorn ")

hawthorn, See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white-See also:

• THORN (O. Eng. porn, cf. Du. doorn, Ger. Dorn, &c)
• THORN (Polish Torun)

thorn or may (Ger . See also:

• HAGEDORN, FRIEDRICH VON (1708-1754)

Hagedorn and Christdorn; Fr. aubepine), C . Oxyacantha, a small, See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round-headed, much-branched See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree, 10 to 20 ft. high, the branches often ending in single See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp spines . The leaves, which are deeply cut, are i to 2 in. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and very variable in shape . The See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers are sweet-scented, in See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat-topped clusters, and 2 to 4 in. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter, with five spreading white petals alternating with five persistent See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green sepals, a large number of stamens with pinkish-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown anthers, and one to three carpels sunk in the See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup-shaped floral See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis . The See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, or haw, as in the See also:

• APPLE (a common Teut. word, A.S. aepl, aeppel, O.H.G. aphul, aphal, apfal, mod. Ger. Apfel)

apple, consists of the swollen floral axis, which is usually See also:

• SCARLET

scarlet, and forms a fleshy envelope surrounding the hard See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone . The common hawthorn is a native of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe as far north as 6oa° in See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden, and of North See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, western See also:

• ASIA

Asia and See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia, and has been naturalized in North America and See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia . It thrives best in dry soils, and in height varies from 4 or 5 to 12, 15 or, in exceptional cases, as much as between 20 and 30 ft . It may be propagated from See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed or from cuttings . The seeds must be from ripe fruit, and if fresh gathered should be freed from pulp by maceration in See also:

• WATER

water . They germinate only in the second See also:

• YEAR

year after See also:

• SOWING (from "to sow," O. Eng. shwan, cf. Du. zaaijen, Ger. saen, &c.; the root is seen in Lat. severe, cf. "seed")

sowing; in the course of their first year the seedlings attain a height of 6 to 12 in .

Hawthorn has been for many centuries a favourite See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park and hedge plant in Europe, and numerous varieties have been See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed by cultivation; these differ in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf, the white, See also:

• PINK

pink or red, single or See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double flowers, and the yellow, See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange or red fruit . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the hawthorn, owing to its hardiness and closeness of growth, has been employed for enclosure of See also:

• LAND

land since the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman occupation, but for See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field hedges it is believed it was generally in use till about the end of the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I. of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, in his Quair, ii . 14 (See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early 15th century), mentions the "hawthorn hedges knet"of See also:

• WINDSOR
• WINDSOR (properly NEw WINDSOR)

Windsor See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle . The first hawthorn hedges in Scotland are said to have been planted by soldiers of See also:

• CROMWELL, HENRY (1628-1674)
• CROMWELL, OLIVER (1599-1658)
• CROMWELL, RICHARD (1626–1712)
• CROMWELL, THOMAS, EARL OF

Cromwell at See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

Inch Buckling Brae in See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• LOTHIAN

Lothian and Finlarig in See also:

• PERTHSHIRE

Perthshire . See also:

• ANNUAL

Annual pruning, to which the hawthorn is particularly amenable, is necessary if the hedge is to maintain its compactness and sturdiness . When the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• PART

part shows a tendency to go See also:

• BARE

bare the strong stems may be " plashed," i.e. split, See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent over and pegged to the ground so that new growths may start . The See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood of the hawthorn is white in See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, with a yellowish tinge . Fresh cut it weighs 68 lb 12 oz. per cubic See also:

• FOOT

foot, and dry S7 lb 3 OZ . It can seldom be obtained in large portions, and has the disadvantage of being See also:

• APT

apt to warp; its See also:

• GREAT

great hardness, however, renders it valuable for the manufacture of various articles, such as the cogs of See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill-wheels, flails and mallets, and handles of hammers . Both green and dry it forms excellent See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel . The bark possesses tanning properties, and in Scotland in past times yielded with ferrous sulphate a See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black dye for See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool .

The leaves are eaten by See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, and have been employed as a substitute for See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea . Birds and See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer feed upon the haws, which are used in the preparation of a fermented and highly intoxicating liquor . The hawthorn serves as a stock for grafting other trees . As an ornamental feature in landscapes, it is worthy of See also:

• NOTICE

notice; and the pleasing shelter. it affords and the beauty of its blossoms have frequently been alluded to by poets . The See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of employing the flowering branches for decorative purposes on the 1st of May is of very early origin; but since the alteration in the See also:

• CALENDAR

calendar the tree has rarely been in full See also:

• BLOOM (from A.S. bloma, a flower)

bloom in England before the second See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week of that See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month . In the Scottish See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

Highlands the flowers may be seen as See also:

• LATE

late as the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of See also:

• JUNE

June . The hawthorn has been regarded as the See also:

• EMBLEM (Gr. Eµ3Xysa, something put in or inserted, from EµfiiXAew, to throw in)

emblem of See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope, and its branches are stated to have been carried by the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Greeks in See also:

• WEDDING

wedding processions, and to have been used by them to See also:

• DECK

deck the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar of See also:

• HYMEN, or HYMENAEUS

Hymen . The supposition that the tree was the source of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ's See also:

• CROWN

crown of thorns gave rise doubtless to the tradition current among the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French peasantry that it utters groans and cries on See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good See also:

• FRIDAY (A.S. frige-dreg, fr. frige, gen. of frigu, love, or the goddess of love—the Norse Frigg,—the dreg, day; cf. Icelandic frjddagr, O.H. Ger. friatag, frigatag, mod. Ger. Freitag)

Friday, and probably also to the old popular superstition in Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland that See also:

• ILL

ill-See also:

• LUCK

luck attended the uprooting of hawthorns . Branches of the See also:

• GLASTONBURY

Glastonbury thorn, C . Oxyacantha, See also:

• VAR

var. praecox, which flowers both in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December and in See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring, were formerly highly valued in England, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend that the tree was originally the See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff of See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph of Arimathea . The number of See also:

• SPECIES

species in the genus is from fifty to seventy, according to the view taken as to whether or not some of the forms, especially of those occurring in the See also:

• UNITED

United States, represent distinct species . C. coccinea, a native of See also:

• CANADA

Canada and the eastern United States, with See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright scarlet fruits, was introduced into See also:

• ENGLISH

English gardens towards the end of the 17th century .

C . Crus-Galli, with a somewhat similar See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution and introduced about the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, is a very decorative species with showy, bright red fruit, often remaining on the branches till spring, and leaves assuming a brilliant scarlet and orange in the autumn; numerous varieties are in cultivation . C . Pyracantha, known in gardens as pyracantha, is See also:

• EVERGREEN

evergreen and has white flowers, appearing in May, and See also:

• FINE

fine scarlet fruits of the See also:

• SIZE

size of a See also:

• PEA (Pisum)

pea which remain on the tree nearly all the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter . It is a native of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south Europe and was introduced into Britain early in the 17th century .