See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

BARON See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

FRANCOIS See also:

• NICOLAS
• NICOLAS, SIR NICHOLAS HARRIS (1799–1848)

NICOLAS See also:

• BENOIT, PETER LEONARD LEOPOLD (1834—1901)

BENOIT See also:

• BARON FRANCOIS NICOLAS BENOIT HAXO (1774—1838)

HAXO (1774—1838)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general and military engineer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• LUNEVILLE

Luneville on the 24th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1774, and entered the See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

Engineers in 1793 . He remained unknown, doing See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty as a regimental officer for many years, until, as See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major, he had his first See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of distinction in the second See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• SARAGOSSA (Zaragoza)
• SARAGOSSA, COUNCILS OF (Concilia Caesarauguslana)

Saragossa in 1800, after which See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon made him a See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel . See also:

• HAXO, FRANCOIS NICOLAS BENOIT, BARON (1774—1838)

Haxo took See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of See also:

• WAGRAM (DEUTSCH-WAGRAM)

Wagram, and then returned to the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula to See also:

• DIRECT

direct the siege operations of See also:

• SUCHET, LOUIS GABRIEL

Suchet's See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army in See also:

• CATALONIA (Cataluna)

Catalonia and See also:

• VALENCIA
• VALENCIA, or VALENTIA

Valencia . In 1810 he was made general of See also:

• BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade, in 1811 a See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron, and in the same See also:

• YEAR

year he was employed in preparing the occupied fortresses of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany against a possible See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian invasion . In 1812 he was See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief engineer of See also:

• DAVOUT, LOUIS NICOLAS

Davout's I. See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps, and after the See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat from See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow he was made general of See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division . In 1813 he constructed the See also:

• WORKS

works around See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg which made possible the famous See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence oft See also:

• HAT

hat fortress by Davout, and commanded the Guard Engineers n1-it he fcli into the enemy's hands at See also:

• KULM (Cu1,M)

Kulm . After the Restoration See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XVIII. wished to give Haxo a command in the Royal See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

Guards, but the general remained faithful to Napoleon, and in the See also:

• HUNDRED

Hundred Days laid out the provisional fortifications of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris and fought at See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo . It was, however, after the second Restoration that the best See also:

• WORK

work of his career as a military engineer was done . As inspector-general he managed, though not without See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting considerable opposition, to reconstruct in accordance with the requirements of the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, and the designs which he had evolved to meet them, the old See also:

• VAUBAN

Vauban and Cermontaigne fortresses which had failed to check the invasions of 1814 and 1815 . For his services he was made a peer of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France by Louis Philippe (1832) . Soon after this came the French intervention in See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium and the famous scientific siege of See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp citadel . Under See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal See also:

• GERARD (c. 1040-1120)
• GERARD (d. I1o8)
• GERARD, ETIENNE MAURICE, COUNT (1773–1852)
• GERARD, FRANCOIS, BARON (1770-1837)
• GERARD, JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE (1803-1847)
• GERARD, JOHN (1545-1612)
• GERARD, or GIRARD, AUDRAN

Gerard Haxo directed the besiegers and completely outmatched the opposing engineers, the fortress being reduced to surrender after a siege of a little more than three See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks (See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 23, 1832) .

He was after this regarded as the first engineer in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, and his latter years were spent in urging upon the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government and the French See also:

• PEOPLE

people the fortification of Paris and See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons, a project which was partly realized in his time and after his See also:

• DEATH

death fully carried out . General Haxo died at Paris on the 25th of June 1838 . He wrote Memoire sur le figure du terrain dans See also:

• LES

les cartes topographiques (Paris, N.D.), and a memoir of General Dejean (1824) .