See also:

• HEBRIDES, THE, or WESTERN ISLES

HEBRIDES, THE, or WESTERN ISLES  , a See also:

• GROUP

group of islands off the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland . They are situated between 550 35' and 58° 30' N. and 5° 26' and 8° 40' W . Formerly the See also:

• TERM

term was held to embrace not only all the islands off the Scottish western coast, including the islands in the See also:

• FIRTH, CHARLES HARDING (1857– )
• FIRTH, MARK (1819-1880)

Firth of See also:

• CLYDE (Welsh, Clwyd, " far heard," " strong," the Glotta of Tacitus)
• CLYDE, COLIN CAMPBELL, BARON (1792-1863)

Clyde, but also the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula of Kintyre, the Isle of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man and the Isle of Rathlin, off the coast of See also:

• ANTRIM
• ANTRIM, RANDAL MACDONNELL, 1ST EARL OF (d. 1636)
• ANTRIM, RANDAL MACDONNELL, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1609-1683)

Antrim . They have been broadly classified into the See also:

• OUTER

Outer See also:

• HEBRIDES, THE, or WESTERN ISLES

Hebrides and the Inner Hebrides, the Minch and Little Minch dividing the one group from the other . Geologically, they have also been differentiated as the See also:

• GNEISS

Gneiss Islands and the See also:

• TRAP (0. Eng. treppe or traepee, properly a step, as that or which an animal places its foot and is caught, cf. Ger. Treppe flight of stairs)

Trap Islands . The Outer Hebrides being almost entirely composed of gneiss the epithet suitably serves them, but, strictly speaking, only the more northerly of the Inner Hebrides may be distinguished as Trap Islands . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief islands of the Outer Hebrides are See also:

• LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL
• LEWIS, JOHN FREDERICK (180 1876)
• LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775-1818)
• LEWIS, MERIWETHER (1774-1809)
• LEWIS, SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL, BART

Lewis-with-See also:

• HARRIS, GEORGE, 1ST BARON (1746–1829)
• HARRIS, JAMES (1709-1780)
• HARRIS, JOEL CHANDLER (1848-1908)
• HARRIS, JOHN (c. 1666-1719)
• HARRIS, SIR WILLIAM SNOW
• HARRIS, THOMAS LAKE (1823-1906)
• HARRIS, WILLIAM TORREY (1835-1909)

Harris (or See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Long See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island), See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• UIST, NORTH AND SOUTH

Uist, Benbecula, See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Uist, See also:

• BARRA, or BARRAY (Scand. Baraey, isle of the ocean)

Barra, the Shiants, St Kilda and the Flannan Isles, or Seven Hunters, an uninhabited group, about 20 M . N.W. of See also:

• GALLON

Gallon See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

Head in Lewis . Of these the Lewis portion of Long Island, the Shiants and the Flannan belong to the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• ROSS
• ROSS, ALEXANDER (1699-1784)
• ROSS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1841- )
• ROSS, JOHN, or KOOESKOOWE (179o-1866)
• ROSS, ROBERT (1766-1814)
• ROSS, SIR HEW DALRYMPLE (1779-1868)
• ROSS, SIR JAMES CLARK (1800-1862)
• ROSS, SIR JOHN (1777-1856)

Ross and See also:

• CROMARTY
• CROMARTY, GEORGE MACKENZIE, 1ST EARL OF (1630-1714)

Cromarty, and the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder to See also:

• INVERNESS

Inverness-See also:

• SHIRE

shire . The See also:

• TOTAL

total length of this group, from Barra Head to the See also:

• BUTT
• BUTT, ISAAC (1813-1879)

Butt of Lewis, is 130 m., the breadth varying from less than r m. to 3o m . The Inner Hebrides are much more scattered and principally include See also:

• SKYE

Skye, Small Isles (Canna, Sanday, See also:

• RUM
• RUM (according to Skeat, a corruption of Malay brum or bram; the adjective " rum," i.e. " queer," being a distinct word, in Gipsy rem)

Rum, Eigg and Muck), See also:

• COLL

Coll, See also:

• TYREE

Tyree, See also:

• LISMORE

Lismore, See also:

• MULL

Mull, Ulva, See also:

• STAFFA (Norse for staff, column, or pillar island)

Staffa, See also:

• IONA

Iona, Kerrera, the See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

Slate Islands (Seil, Easdale, Luing, Shuna, Torsay), See also:

• COLONSAY

Colonsay, Oronsay, Scarba, See also:

• JURA
• JURA (" deer island ")

Jura, See also:

• ISLAY

Islay and Gigha . Of these Skye and Small Isles belong to Inverness-shire, and the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest to See also:

• ARGYLLSHIRE

Argyllshire .

The Hebridean islands exceed 500 in number, of which one-fifth are inhabited . Of the inhabited islands 11 belong to Ross and Cromarty, 47 to Inverness-shire, and 44 to Argyllshire, but of this total of 102 islands, one-third have a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of only ro souls, or fewer, each . The population of the Hebrides in 1901 numbered 78,947 (or 28 to the sq. m.), of whom 41,031 were See also:

• FEMALES

females, who thus exceeded the See also:

• MALES

males by ro%, and 22,733 spoke Gaelic only and 47,666 Gaelic and See also:

• ENGLISH

English . The most populous island is Lewis-with-Harris (32,160), and next to it are Skye (13,883), Islay (68J7) and Mull (4334)• Of the total See also:

• AREA

area of 1,Soo,000 acres, or 2812 sq. m., only one-ninth is cultivated, most of the See also:

• SURFACE

surface being moorland and See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain . The See also:

• ANNUAL

annual rainfall, particularly in the Inner Hebrides, is heavy (42.6 in. at See also:

• STORNOWAY (Norse, Sljarna vagr, " Stjarna's Bay ")

Stornoway) but the temperature is high, averaging for the See also:

• YEAR

year 47° F . Potatoes and turnips are the only See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root crops that succeed, and See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley and oats are grown in some of the islands . See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

Sheep-farming and See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle-raising are carried on very generally, and, with the See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries, provide the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main occupation of the inhabitants, though they profit not a little from the tourists who See also:

• FLOCK

flock to many of the islands through-out the summer . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries include distilling, slate-See also:

• QUARRYING

quarrying and the manufacture of tweeds, tartans and other woollens . There are extensive See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer forests in Lewis-with-Harris, Skye, Mull and Jura . On many of the islands there are prehistoric remains and antiquities within the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . The more populous islands are in See also:

• REGULAR

regular communication with certain points of the mainland by means of steamers fromGlasgow, See also:

• OBAN

Oban and Mallaig . The See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• FREE

Free See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church has a strong hold on the poeple, but in a few of the islands the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholics have a See also:

• GREAT

great following .

In the larger inhabited islands See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools have been established . The islands unite with the counties to which they belong in returning members to See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament (one for each shire) . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—The Hebrides are mentioned by See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy under the name of "E(3ovta,c and by See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny under that of Hebudes, the See also:

• MODERN

modern spelling having, it is said, originated in a misprint . By the Norwegians they were called Sudreyjar or See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern Islands . The Latinized See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form was Sodorenses, preserved to modern times in the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Sodor and Man . The See also:

• ORIGINAL

original inhabitants seem to have been of the same See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic See also:

• RACE

race as those settled on the mainland . In the 6th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century Scandinavian hordes poured in with their See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• IDOLATRY

idolatry and lust of See also:

• PLUNDER

plunder, but in See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time they adopted the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language and faith of the islanders . Mention is made of incursions of the vikings as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 793, but the principal See also:

• IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

immigration took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place towards the end of the 9th century in the early See also:

• PART

part of the reign of See also:

• HARALD

Harald Fairhair, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway, and consisted of persons driven to the Hebrides, as well as to See also:

• ORKNEY, EARL OF
• ORKNEY, ELIZABETH HAMILTON, COUNTESS OF
• ORKNEY, GEORGE HAMILTON, EARL OF (1666–1737)

Orkney and See also:

• SHETLAND, or ZETLAND

Shetland, to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from his tyrannous See also:

• RULE

rule . Soon afterwards they began to make incursions against their See also:

• MOTHER

mother-See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and on this See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account Harald fitted out an expedition against them, and placed Orkney, Shetland, the Hebrides and the Isle of Man under See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . The chief seat of the Norwegian See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty was Colonsay . About the year 1095 Godred Crovan, king of See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin, Man and the Hebrides, died in Islay . His third son, See also:

• OLAF
• OLAF (II.)
• OLAF, or ANLAF (d. 981)

Olaf, succeeded to the government about 1103, and the daughter of Olaf was married to Somerled, who became the founder of the See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty known as Lords of the Isles .

Many efforts were made by the Scottish monarchs to displace the Norwegians . See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander II. led a See also:

• FLEET

fleet and See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army to the shores of Argyllshire in 1249, but he died on the island of Kerrera . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, See also:

• HAAKON (Old Norse Hdkon)

Haakon IV., king of Norway, at once to restrain the See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of his jarls and to keep in check the ambition of the Scottish See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, set See also:

• SAIL

sail in 1263 on a great expedition, which, however, ended disastrously at See also:

• LARGS

Largs . See also:

• MAGNUS, HEINRICH GUSTAV (1802-1870)

Magnus, son of Haakon, concluded in 1266 a See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace with the Scots, renouncing all claim to the Hebrides and other islands except Orkney and Shetland, and Alexander III. agreed to give him a sum of 4000 merks in four yearly payments . It was also stipulated that See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret, daughter of Alexander, should be betrothed to See also:

• ERIC

Eric, the son of Magnus, whom she married in 1281 . She died two years later, leaving an only daughter afterwards known as the Maid of Norway . The race of Somerled continued to rule the islands, and from a younger son of the same potentate sprang the lords of Lorne, who took the patronymic of Macdougall . See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• MACDONALD, FLORA (1722—1790)
• MACDONALD, GEORGE (1824-1905)
• MACDONALD, JACQUES ETIENNE JOSEPH
• MACDONALD, JOHN SANDFIELD (1812-1872)
• MACDONALD, LAWRENCE (1799-1878)
• MACDONALD, SIR HECTOR ARCHIBALD (1852-1903)
• MACDONALD, SIR JOHN ALEXANDER (1815-1891)

Macdonald of Islay, who died about 1386, was the first to adopt the title of See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord of the Isles . He was one of the most potent of the island princes, and was married to a daughter of the See also:

• EARL

earl of Strathearn, afterwards See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert II . His son, Donald of the Isles, was memorable for his See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion in support of his claim to the earldom of Ross, in which, however, he was unsuccessful . Alexander, son of Donald, resumed the hereditary warfare against the Scottish See also:

• CROWN

crown; and in 1462 a treaty was concluded between Alexander's son and successor John and See also:

• EDWARD

Edward IV. of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, by which John, his son John, and his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin Donald Balloch, becamebound to assist King Edward and See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James, earl of See also:

• DOUGLAS
• DOUGLAS, GAVIN (1474?-1522)
• DOUGLAS, JOHN (1721—1807.)
• DOUGLAS, SIR CHARLES
• DOUGLAS, SIR HOWARD
• DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD (18,3–1861)

Douglas, in subduing the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Scotland . The See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance seems to have led to no active operations .

In the reign of James V. another John of Islay resumed the title of Lord of the Isles, but was compelled to surrender the dignity . The See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory of the lordship of the isles—the insular sovereignty—had departed . From the time of See also:

• BRUCE
• BRUCE, ALEXANDER BALMAIN (1831-1899)
• BRUCE, JAMES (1930-1794)
• BRUCE, MICHAEL (1746-1767)

Bruce the Campbells had been gaining the ascendancy in See also:

• ARGYLL, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Argyll . The Macleans, Macnaughtons, Maclachlans, Lamonts, and other See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient races had sunk before this favoured See also:

• FAMILY

family . The lordship of Lorne was wrested from the Macdougalls by Robert Bruce, and their extensive possessions, with See also:

• DUNSTAFFNAGE

Dunstaffnage See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle, bestowed on the king's relative, See also:

• STEWART, ALEXANDER TURNEY (1803-1876)
• STEWART, BALFOUR (1828-1887)
• STEWART, CHARLES (1778–1869)
• STEWART, DUGALD (1753-1828)
• STEWART, J
• STEWART, JOHN (1749—1822)
• STEWART, JULIUS L
• STEWART, SIR DONALD MARTIN (1824–19o0)
• STEWART, SIR HERBERT (1843—1885)
• STEWART, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1540—c. 1605)
• STEWART, STUART
• STEWART, WILLIAM (c. 1480-c. 1550)

Stewart, and his descendants, afterwards lords of Lorne . The Macdonalds of Sleat, the See also:

• DIRECT

direct representatives of Somerled, though driven from Islay and deprived of supreme See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power by James V., still kept a sort of insular See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state in Skye . There were also the Macdonalds of Clanranald and Glengarry (descendants of Somerled), with the powerful houses of See also:

• MACLEOD, HENRY DUNNING (1821-1902),
• MACLEOD, NORMAN (1812-1872)

Macleod of Dunvegan and Macleod of Harris, M`See also:

• NEILL, JAMES GEORGE SMITH (1810-1857)

Neill of Barra and Maclean of Mull . Sanguinary feuds continued throughout the 16th and 17th centuries among these See also:

• RIVAL

rival clans and their dependent tribes, and the turbulent spirit was not subdued till a comparatively See also:

• RECENT

recent period . James VI. made an abortive endeavour to colonize Lewis . See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William III. and See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne attempted to subsidize the chiefs in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to preserve tranquillity, but the See also:

• WARS

wars of See also:

• MONTROSE
• MONTROSE, JAMES GRAHAM, MARQUESS OF (1612—1650)
• MONTROSE, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF

Montrose and See also:

• DUNDEE
• DUNDEE, JOHN GRAHAM OF CLAVERHOUSE, VISCOUNT (c. 1649-1689)

Dundee, and the Jacobite insurrections of 1715 and 1745, showed how futile were all such efforts . It was not till 1748, when a decisive See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow was struck at the power of the chiefs by the abolition of heritable jurisdictions, and the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of sheriffs in the different districts, that the arts of peace and social improvement made way in these remote regions . The See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change was great, and at first not unmixed with evil .

A new See also:

• SYSTEM

system of management and high rents were imposed, in consequence of which See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of the tacksmen, or large tenants, emigrated to North See also:

• AMERICA

America . The See also:

• EXODUS, BOOK OF
• EXODUS, THE

exodus continued for many years . Sheep-farming on a large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale was next introduced, and the crofters were thrust into villages or barren corners of the See also:

• LAND

land . The result was that, despite the numbers who entered the army or emigrated to See also:

• CANADA

Canada, the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization sank See also:

• LOWER

lower, and the population multiplied in the islands . The See also:

• PEOPLE

people came to subsist almost entirely on potatoes and See also:

• HERRINGS, BATTLE OF THE

herrings; and in 1846, when the See also:

• POTATO
• POTATO (Solanum tuberosum)

potato blight began its ravages, nearly universal destitution ensued—embracing, over the islands generally, 70% of the inhabitants . Temporary See also:

• RELIEF

relief was administered in the shape of employment on roads and other See also:

• WORKS

works; and an See also:

• EMIGRATION (from Lat. emigrare; e, ex, out of, and migrare, to depart)

emigration fund being raised, from 4000 to 5000 of the people in the most crowded districts were removed to See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia . Matters, however, were not really mended, and in 1884 a royal See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission reported upon the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the crofters of the islands and mainland . As a result of their inquiry the Crofters' Holdings See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act was passed in 1886, and in the course of a few years some improvement was evident and has since been sustained . AUTHoRTTIES.—See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin Martin's Description of the Western Islands of Scotland (1703); T . See also:

• PENNANT, THOMAS (1726-1798)

Pennant's Tour in Scotland and Voyage to the Hebrides (1774); James See also:

• BOSWELL, JAMES (1740-1795)

Boswell's Tour to the Hebrides with See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• JOHNSON, ANDREW
• JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
• JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
• JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
• JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
• JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
• JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
• JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
• JOHNSON, THOMAS

Johnson, LL.D . (1898); John See also:

• MACCULLOCH, HORATIO (1805-1867)
• MACCULLOCH, JOHN (1773-1835)

Macculloch's See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

Geological Account of the Hebrides (1819) ; See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh See also:

• MILLER, HUGH (1802–1856)
• MILLER, JOAQUIN (CINCINNATUS HEINE) (1841- )
• MILLER, JOE (JosEPH or JosIAS( (1684-1738)
• MILLER, SAMUEL FREEMAN (1816-1890)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1782-1849)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1795-1861)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1796–1882)
• MILLER, WILLIAM HALLOWES (18o1–188o)

Miller's Cruise of the " Betsy " (1858) ; W . A .

See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith's Lewisiana, or See also:

• LIFE

Life in the Outer Hebrides (1874); Alexander Smith, A Summer in Skye (1865); Robert See also:

• BUCHANAN
• BUCHANAN, CLAUDIUS
• BUCHANAN, GEORGE (1506–1582)
• BUCHANAN, JAMES (1791-1868)
• BUCHANAN, ROBERT WILLIAMS (1841-1901)

Buchanan, The Bebrid Isles (1883) ; C . F . See also:

• GORDON
• GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY (1833—1870)
• GORDON, ALEXANDER (c. 1692—c. 1754)
• GORDON, CHARLES GEORGE (1833-'885)
• GORDON, LEON
• GORDON, LORD GEORGE (1751-1793)
• GORDON, PATRICK (1635–1699)
• GORDON, SIR JOHN WATSON (1788—1864)

Gordon-See also:

• CUMMING, JOSEPH GEORGE (1812-1868)

Cumming, In the Hebrides (1883) ; See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

Report o the Crofters' Commission (1884); A . See also:

• GOODRICH, or GOODRICKE, THOMAS (d. 1554)
• GOODRICH, SAMUEL GRISWOLD (1793-1860)

Goodrich-Freer, Oute' Isles (1902); and W . C . See also:

• MACKENZIE
• MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER (1822-1892)
• MACKENZIE, HENRY (1745-1831)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER (c. 1755-1820)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER CAMPBELL (1847— )
• MACKENZIE, SIR GEORGE (1636-1691)
• MACKENZIE, SIR MORELL (1837-1892)
• MACKENZIE, WILLIAM LYON (1795-1861)

Mackenzie, History of the Outer Hebrides (19o3) . Their history under Norwegian rule is given in the Chronica regum Manniae et insularum, edited, with learned notes, from the MS. in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum by See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor P . A . Munch of See also:

• CHRISTIANIA (officially KRISTIANIA)

Christiania (186o) .